Ncn{Xw
tZi Ncn{Xw
A\´]pcw
IpetiJc `cWImew
thWmSv
B[p\nI XncphnXmwIqÀ
{io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ almcmPmhv
cmP`cWw þ kw{Klw
Ncn{Xkma{KnIÄ
tZi Ncn{Xw
C´ybnse Gähpw ]pcmX\amb cmPhwi§fnsem¶mWv XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPhwiw. {]mcw` \mat[bw ‘tNc’ F¶mbncp¶p. “tNc cmPhwiw” kmacmPy¯nsâ {][m\`mKw hn`Pn¡s¸«p t]mbXn\p tijw sXt¡ Aä¯pff `mK§Ä tNÀ¯pïm¡nb cmPys¯ “kar²nbpsS \mSv” F¶À°¯nð “{iohmgpt¦mSv” AYhm Xncphmct¦mSv F¶p hnfn¨p t]m¶p. CXnsâ {Kmaycq]ambn Dïmb “Xncph³tImSv” F¶ \mat[b¯nð \n¶pw “XncphnXmwIqÀ” F¶ t]À DÛhn¨p. cïmaXmbn \ne\n¶ncp¶ t]cmbncp¶p “hmWh\mSv”, ]n¶oSv “thWmSv” F¶mbn XoÀ¶p. aq¶mas¯ t]À “tIcf” F¶mbncp¶p. \meat¯XmIs« ‘h©ntZisa¶mbncp¶p’. A©mat¯Xv “XncpASntZiw” F¶pw. C¯c¯nð hyXykvX t]cpIÄ Xncph´]pc¯n\p Ncn{X¯nð ImWmw. sslµh `qanimkv{Xw temIs¯ H¼Xv `mKam¡n hn`Pn¨n«pïv. Gjysb Pw_p Zzos]¶mWv hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. CXnð `mcXImÞw 55 cmPØm\§fmbn hn`Pn¡ s¸«ncn¡p¶p. CXnð Ahkm\s¯ ‘tNc’, ‘tIcf’ cmPØm\§Ä Htc cmPmhnsâ Iognð AXmbXv XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPmhnsâ A[o\Xbnembncp¶p.
]¯mw \qämïp hscbpw Bbv cmPm¡³amcpsS `cW¯nembncp¶p Xncph\´]pcw. A¡me¯v tIcfw Xangv {]tZiambncp¶p. ]mÞyenJnX§fnepw AI\m\qdv, ]pd\m\qdv XpS§nb Xangv IrXnIfnepw \n¶mWv kwLImeL«sa¶p IqSn Adnbs¸Sp¶ Cu Imebfhns\ Ipdn¨v IqSpXð hnhc§Ä AdnbpI. Bbv cmPm¡³amÀ bmZhhwi¯nð ]nd¶hcmsW¶v hn{IamZnXy hcKpWsâ ‘]menbw imk\’¯nð ]dbp¶p.
kwLImet¯mSpIqSn Ncn{X ImeL«w Bcw`n¡p¶ XangI¯nð s]mXnbnðae BØm\am¡nbmWv ChÀ `cn¨ncp¶Xv. cïmw \qämïnð C´ysb Ipdns¨gpXnb tSmfan, _mdnkn\pw (]¼m\Zn) I\ymIpamcn¡pw CSbnepff cmPys¯ ‘Atbmbn’ F¶p hnfn¡p¶p.
Ct¸mÄ Xncph\´]pcw Pnñbmbn ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶ {]tZi¯nsâ ap³Ime kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob hyhØnXn tIcf¯nð s]mXphmbn IgnªIme§fnepïmbncp¶ hyhØnXnIÄ¡v Gsd¡psd kam\amWv. {]mNo\ a\pjyÀ ChnsS \nhkn¨ncp¶p F¶Xn\v hnizkn¡¯¡ sXfnhpIÄ PnñbpsS Nne `mK§fnð \n¶v Isï¯nbn«pïv. thWmSv iàn {]m]n¡p¶Xn\p ap¼v Xncph\´]pcw ‘Bbv’ cmPhwi¯nsâ `cW¯n³ Iognembncp¶p. ]n¶oSv thWmSnsâ `mKambn. thWmSv ]n¶oSv XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPyambn. C¶s¯ Xncph\´]pcw Pnñbnð DÄs¸«ncn¡p¶ `q`mK§Ä
F. Un 10þmw iXIw hsc kmwkvImcnIambn {]mNo\ XangI¯nsâ `mKambncp¶p. Xantgm A\p_Ô`mjItfm hyhlmc¯nepïmbncp¶ Cu `q`mKs¯ P\k©bw BZyIme§fnð PmXnItfm kapZmb§tfm Bbn thÀXncn¡s¸«ncp¶nñ. kzmX{´y¯nepw kaXz¯nepw A[njvTnXamb Hcp kmaqlnILS\bmbncp¶p XpS¡¯nepïmbncp¶Xv. sXmgnensâ ASnØm\¯nð ]mW³, ]db³, Nm¶m³, hnñh³, Dgh³, ]cXh³, Bb³ F¶n§s\ hn`P\{Iaw \ne\n¶ncps¶¦nepw ChÀ¡nSbnð D¨\oNXztam {]ISamb PmXnhyXymktam Dïmbncp¶nñ. Xoïð, sXmSoð XpS§nb kmaqlnI A\mNmc§Ä Xosc Cñmbncp¶p.
A\´]pcw
B\µ]pcw, A\´]pcw, Xr¸mZ]pcw F¶o t]cpIfnð Xncph\´]pcw ap³Ime§fnð Adnbs¸«ncp¶p. {io]ß\m` kzman t£{Xhpambn _Ôs¸«mWv Xncph\´]pcw F¶ t]cv DïmbXv F¶v sFXnlyw. {io]ß\m`s\ B\µ³ F¶v ]ïv ]dªncp¶psh¶pw AXnð \n¶v ]n¶oSv B\µ]pcw, A\´]pcw F¶o t]cpIÄ h¶psh¶pw Hc`n{]mbapïv. Bbncw Xebpff Znhy \mKamb A\´\nð \n¶mWv Cu t]cp h¶sX¶v asämcp ]£hpapïv. almhnjvWphns\ {io]Zva\m` t£{X¯nð A\´imbn Bbn«mWv {]XnjvTn¨n«pffXv. AXpsImïmWv ‘A\´]pcw’F¶v t]cv h¶Xv F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. A\´]pcw F¶ t]cnt\mSv Xncp F¶ _lpam\ kqNI]Zw tNÀ¶t¸mÄ Xncph\´]pcw BbXmImw F¶v sFXnlyw. .
IpetiJc `cWImew
IpetiJc `cW¯nsâ ]qÀÆL«amb H¼Xpw ]¯pw \qämïpIÄ tIcfNcn{X¯nse “kphÀ®bpK” amWv F¶v Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. `cW kuIcy¯n\mbn tIcfs¯ ]e {]hniyIfmbn hn`Pn¨ncp¶p. thWmSmbncp¶p km{amPy¯nsâ sXt¡bäs¯ \mSv. sImñw, sIm«mc¡c, Nndbn³Iogv Xmeq¡pIfpw Xncph\´]pcw s\Spa§mSv Xmeq¡pIfpsS GXm\pw `mK§fpw tNÀ¶Xmbncp¶p A¶s¯ thWmSv. sImñambncp¶p XeØm\w. km{amPy¯n\v hn]peamb kwhn[m\§fpïmbncp¶p. ]eXcw \nIpXnIÄ ]ncn¨ncp¶Xmbn A¶s¯ imk\§fnð \n¶p a\Ênem¡mw. km[mcW ssk\y¯n\p ]pdsa I¸ð ]Sbpïmbncp¶p. "atImssX'AYhm atlmZb]pcw Bbncp¶p IpetiJcòmcpsS cmP[m\n. H³]Xpw ]¯pw \qämïpIfnð hnÚm\¯ntâbpw kwkvImc¯ntâbpw {]apJ tI{µambncp¶p atlmZb]pcw. hfscb[nIw kÖoIcW§tfmSpIqSnb Hcp "hm\\nco£W ime' (H_vkÀthädn) sXt¡ C´ybnð (XncphnXmwIqdnð) {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p. Bcy`Ssâ tPmXnimkv{Xa\pÊcn¨v {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ Cu \nco£W ime aptJ\ \Kc¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fnð \n¶p aWn\mZ¯mð s]mXpP\§sf kabw Adnbn¡m\pÅ GÀ¸mSpIÄ cmP[m\nbnð Dïm¡nbncp¶p. IpetiJc km{amPy¯n\v hntZicmPy§fpambn hym]Iamb hmWnPyapïmbncp¶p. aebmfm`mjbpw kmlnXyhpw cq]wsImïp XpS§p¶Xv IpetiJcòmcpsS Ime¯mWv. tIcf¯nð ssP\þ_p²aX§Ä £bn¡pIbpw lnµpaXw kp{]XnjvT t\SpIbpw sNbvXXv C¡me¯mWv. Z£ntW´ybnse `àn {]Øm\¯n\p t\XrXzw \ðInbXv Bgvhmcòmcpw \mb\mcòmcpw Bbncp¶p. tIcf¯nse§pw ssih sshjvWh t£{X§Ä \nÀ½n¡s¸«p. ]pXnb t£{X \nÀ½mWssien C¡me¯mWv cq]w sImïXv. Iq¯v, IqSnbm«w XpS§nb ]e ]pXnb Iemcq]§fpw 9þmw iXI¯nð Xs¶ cq]w sImïn«pïmbncp¶Xmbn tcJIÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶p. tIcf¯nse NpaÀ¨n{X§fpsS Bcw`hpw IpetiJc³amcpsS Ime¯mWv DïmbXv. aXkulmÀ±w \ne\nÀ¯nbpcp¶ Hcp ImeL«ambncp¶p IpetiJcòmcptSX.v aäp aXØm]\§sf _lpam\]qÀÆw ""]ÅnIÄ'' F¶mWv A¶p hnfn¨ncp¶Xv.
thWm«nse {it²b\mb BZy`cWm[nImcn F.Un.1299 ð A[nImc¯ntednb chnhÀ½ IpetiJc³ BWv. thWmSns\ {]_eiànbm¡nb chnhÀ½ ]mÞy {]tZi§Ä¡ptað t]mepw B[n]Xyw Øm]n¨p. 1312 ð chnhÀ½ Z£ntW´ybpsS N{IhÀ¯nbmbn thKmhXn \ZnbpsS Xoc¯v h¨v IncoS[mcWw sNbvXp. tIcf¯n\v ]pd¯v hnkvXrXn hÀ[n¸n¨ chnhÀ½ kw{Kma[oc³ F¶ _ncpZw t\Sn. ØmWp chnhÀ½bpsS A©mw `cW hÀj¯nse ‘Xcnkm¸ffn imk\w’ (F.Un.849) FgpXns¡mSp¯Xv A¿³ ASnIÄ XncphSnIfmWv. thWmSv \mSphmgnbpsS tað tNccmPmhn\pff A[oiXzs¯bpw `cWm[nImcnbpsS klnjvWpXtbbpw aX\bt¯bpw shfnhm¡p¶ Ncn{XtcJbmbn CXv hymJym\n¡s¸Sp¶p. thWmSv cmPmhns\¡pdn¨p ]cmaÀiapff asämcp {][m\s¸« imk\w am¼ffn imk\w BWv.
1314 apXð 1344 hsc `cn¨ hoc DZb amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bmWv acpa¡¯mba\pkcn¨v A[nImc¯nð h¶ BZys¯ cmPmhv. kp{]kn²amb ‘D®p\oenktµi’¯nse ktµihmlI\mbn Iev]n¨ncn¡p¶Xv 1376 apXð 1383 hsc `cn¨ncp¶ BZnXyhÀ½sbbmWv. kwKoXw, kmlnXyw, Bßimkv{Xw, XÀ¡w, hymIcWw F¶n§s\ \nch[n taJeIfnð {]KÛ\mbncp¶p BZnXy hÀ½. thWmSnsâ Ncn{X¯nð kp{][m\amb Hcp Imeambncp¶p BZnXy hÀ½bptSXv. thWmSnsâ Ncn{X¯nð Gähpw \oï `cWImew tNc DZb amÀ¯mÞ hÀ½bptSXmWv. (1383 apXð 1444 hsc) aWn{]hmf¯nsâ e£W{KÙamb eoemXneIw cNn¨Xv Ct±l¯nsâ `cWIme¯mWv. 1516þð `cn¨ncp¶ PbknwltIcfhÀ½bmWv AhiÀ¡v ]e AhImi§fpw B\pIqey§fpw A\phZn¨Xv.
1644 ð Cw¥ojpImÀ hngnª¯v Hcp hym]mcime \nÀ½n¨XmWv 1663 apXð 1672 hsc `cn¨ chnhÀ½bpsS `cWImes¯ FSp¯p]dtbï Hcp kw`hw. XpSÀ¶v `cWtaä BZnXyhÀ½bpsS Ime¯v F«v DucmfcS§p¶ F«ctbmKamWv ]ß\m`kzman t£{X¯nsâ `cWw \S¯nbncp¶Xv. Icw ]ncn¡p¶Xn\mbn \mbÀamS¼namsc \ntbmKn¨p. ]n¶oSv F«pho«nð ]nÅamÀ F¶ t]cnð {]ikvXnbmÀÖn¨hÀ Cu amS¼namcmWv.
1677 apXð 1684 hsc `cn¨ncp¶ Dab½dmWn ss[cyhpw ImcytijnbpapÅ `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶p. Dab½dmWn Zs¯Sp¯ tIcfhÀ½bmWv ""]pet¸Sn'' ""a®mt¸Sn'' F¶ {]mNo\mNmc§Ä \ntcm[n¨Xv. thWmSnsâ Ncn{X¯nse kmaqlnI ]cnjvIÀ¯mhpw, Ihnbpambncp¶p tIcfhÀ½.1721 apXð 1729 hsc `cn¨ncp¶ cmahÀ½ almcmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv Cw¥ojv CuÌv C´ym I¼\nbpambn Hcp DS¼Sn H¸ph¡p¶Xv. {_n«ojpImÀ¡pthïn Ipf¨enð Hcp tIm« sI«nsImSp¡msa¶v cmahÀ½ DS¼Snh¨p. ASp¯ AhIminbmb amÀ¯mÞ hÀ½bmbncp¶p DS¼Snbnð H¸ph¨Xv.13þmw iXI¯n\p tijw kw{Kma[ocs\ XpSÀ¶p 1313 apXð 1334 hsc `cn¨ DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½bmWv acpa¡¯mba\pkcn¨v A[nImc¯nð h¶ BZys¯cmPmhv. kp{]kn²amb D®n\oen ktµi¯nð ]cmaÀin¡p¶ kÀhmwKKmY BZnXy hÀ½ hoc DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½bmImsa¶pw AXñm, 1376 apXð `cn¨ BZnXy hÀ½bmsW¶pw cïp]£apïv.
>>XpSÀ¶ph¶ cmPm¡³amÀ :
cma DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½ (1336þ1343)
hoc Cchn Cchn hÀ½ (1350þ)
Cchn BZnXyhÀ½ (1376þ1383) : Chcnð Cchn BZnXyhÀ½ kwKoXw kmlnXyw, Bßimkv{Xw, XÀ¡w, hymIcWw F¶n§s\ \nch[ntaJeIfnð {]KÛ\mbncp¶p.
tNc DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½ (1383þ1438) : thWmSnsâ Ncn{X¯nð Gähpw \oï `cWImew
tNc DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½bptSXmWv. aWn{]hmf¯nsâ e£W {KÙamb eoemXneIw cNn¨Xv Ct±l¯nsâ `cWIme¯mWv. tNc DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½ Xr¸m¸qÀ aq¸v Bbn Xncph\´]pc¯mWv Xmakn¨ncp¶Xv. ipNo{µw t£{X¯nse k`maÞ]w ]Wnbn¨Xv At±lambncp¶p.
>>XpSÀ¶p h¶ cmPm¡³amÀ:
hoccma amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ (1348þ1470)
hoc tImssX amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ (1470þ1484)
hoc Cchn Cchn hÀ½ (1484þ1512) : hoc Cchn Cchn hÀ½ ZoÀLImew `cn¨ncp¶Xn\nSbnð ]e tcJIfpw krjvSn¨n«pïv. `cW kw_Ôhpw t£{XImcy kw_Ôhpamb At\Iw hkvXpXIÄ Ahbnð \n¶p e`n¡p¶p. 1495 ð {io ]ß\m`kzman t£{X¯nsâ hSt¡\Sbnðh¨v DtZymKسamÀ X½nepïmb kwL«\hpw F«ctbmK¡mÀ an{Xm\µ]pc¯v F«c]Sn¡ð h¨v {io hntizizcm\p`qXn]nfmc³ XncphSnbpsS km¶n[y¯nð tbmKw tNÀ¶Xpw aäpamWv tcJIfnepffXv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpw thWmSpw X½nepff hmWnPy _Ôw Bcw`n¨Xv CchnCchnhÀ½bpsS Ime¯mWv. C¡me¯p Xs¶bmWv hnPb\Kc km{amPy¯nsâ sXt¡m«pff IS¶pIbäs¯ thWmSv sNdp¯Xpw.
>>XpSÀ¶p h¶ cmPm¡³amÀ :
chn tIcf hÀ½ (1512þ1516)
hoc chn tIcfhÀ½
hoc DZbamÀ¯mÞ hÀa (1516þ1535) : thWmSnse {]ikvXcnð {]apJcmb `qXehoc {iohocDZbamÀ¯mÞ hÀ½bv¡v cmPy hnkvXrXn Xm{a]À®n \Znhsc \o«m³ Ignªp. ]mÞycnð \n¶v Xncps\ðthenbpsS `qcn`mK§fpw Xncns¨Sp¡m³ Ignªp. Cu B{IaW§fpsS shfn¨¯nð At±lw shdpa¬sImï `qXehoc³ F¶ _ncpZw kzoIcn¡pIbpw If¡m«v Hcp ]pXnb sIm«mcw \nÀ½n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Ct±lw aXklnjvWpX ]peÀ¯pIbpw sNbvXncp¶psh¶v ]dbp¶p. hnPb\Kchpambpff \oïIme kwL«\ambncp¶p {][m\ Ncn{X kw`hsa¶v tcJIfnð ImWp¶p.
D®n tIcf hÀa (1535þ1537) : DZbamÀ¯mÞ hÀ½bpsS acWs¯¯pSÀ¶v `qXehoc hÀa cmPmhmbn. Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯v cmPmhnsâ DtZymKØcpw t£{X IpSnbmòmcpw X½nð Iem]apïm¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p.
>>XpSÀ¶p h¶ cmPm¡³amÀ:
hoc chn hÀa (1537þ1539)
hoc tIcfhÀa BZnXy hÀa (1544þ) : tIcfhÀa thWmSv cmPmhmbncp¶t¸mÄ thWmSpw hnPb \Kchpw X½nð bp²w \S¶p. Cu bp²¯nð thWmSv ]cmPbs¸«p.
hoccmahÀa (1546þ1556) : hoccmahÀ½bpsS Imeambt¸mtg¡pw hnPb\Kchpambn kÔnbpïm¡n. Cu kabw thWmSv cmPhwi¯nse hyXykvX XmhgnIÄ X½nð \nc´c Iem]§fpïmbn. hoïpw hnPb\Kc¯nsâ B{IaWapïmbn.
D®n tIcfhÀa (1556þ87) : D®n tIcfhÀ½bpsS Ime¯v hnPb\Kc¯nsâ B{IaWw sNdp¡pIbpw Ahsc ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n cmPmhmb hnwensb h[n¨p. Ignhpw {]m]vXnbpanñm¯ `cWm[nImcnIfpsS Iognð Pòn {]`p¡Ä IqSpXð IqSpXð A[nImcw I¿S¡n. Cu ØnXn hntijamWv ]Xnt\gmw \qämïnepS\ofw thWm«nepïmbncp¶Xv. AcmPIXzhpw AØncXbpw cmjv{Sob taJesb C{Xb[nIw kzm[o\n¨ asämcp ImeL«anñmbncp¶p F¶p Xs¶ ]dbmw. sshtZinIm{IaW§fpw XmhgnIÄ X½nepff Iel§fpw, InSaðkc§fpw cmjv{Sobw IqSpXð k¦oÀ®am¡n. ]Xnt\gmw \qämïnsâ Bcw`¯nð thWmSv `cn¨ncp¶ {io hocchnhÀ½bpsS (1595þ1609)Ime¯v CfbS¯v Xmhgnbpw Xr¸m¸qÀ Xmhgnbpw X½nð Iel§Ä Bcw`n¨p.
>>XpSÀ¶p h¶ cmPm¡³amÀ:
`qXe hoccmahÀa (1587þ1595)
hoc Cchn hÀa (1595þ1609)
cmahÀa (1609þ1610)
BZnXyhÀa (1610)
hoc Cchn Cchn hÀa (1610þ1663) : Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯mWv t]mÀ¨pKokv iànbpsS tIcf¡cbnð \n¶pff Xntcm[m\hpw U¨pImcpsS apt¶ähpw. sIm¨n cmjv{Sob¯nð hnZKv[ambn Icp¡Ä \o¡nb U¨pImÀ t]mÀ¨pKokpImsc ]pd´ffn. I¨hSem`¯n\mbn F´pw sN¿p¶ t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ ]pd¯mbt¸mÄ Ghcpw AXns\ kzmKXw sNbvXp. 1647 ð U¨pImÀ thWmSpambn hmWnPy_Ô¯nteÀs¸«p. 1662 ð cmahÀ½bpsS acWs¯¯pSÀ¶v A[nImc¯nð h¶Xv chnhÀabpw BZnXy hÀabpw Bbncp¶p. cmPm¡òmsc¶ \nebnð A{]m]vXcmbncp¶ ChcpsS Iognð cmPm[nImcw £bn¡pIbpw Pòniàn IqSpXð iàn{]m]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CtXmsSm¸w t£{X§Ä h¼n¨ `qkz¯p¡fpsS DSaIfmbn. {_mÒWÀ {]_ecmbn.
>>XpSÀ¶p h¶ cmPm¡³amÀ :
hoc cmahÀa (1663)
hoc BZnXy hÀa (1663þ1667)
Dab½dmWn (1677þ1684)
hoc chn hÀa (1684þ1618)
hoc BZnXy hÀa (1718þ1729)
cma hÀa (1721þ1729)
amÀ¯mÞ hÀa (1729þ1750)
B[p\nI XncphnXmwIqÀ
XncphnXmwIqdnsâ Ncn{X¯nse Gähpw kw`h_lpeamb Hcp ImeL«amWv (1729þ1758) ‘{io ]ß\m` Zmk³’ F¶ A]c\mat[bw kz´am¡nb A\ngw Xncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bptSXv. 1956 ð tIcf kwØm\w cq]w sImffp¶Xn\p sXm«p ap¼v \nehnepïmbncp¶ B[p\nI XncphnXmwIqdnsâ inev]nsb¶ Øm\w amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bv¡pffXmWv.
thWmsS¶pw, ]n¶oSv XncphmgpwtImsS (XncphnXmwIqÀ)¶pw Adnbs¸«ncp¶ \m«pcmPyw amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bv¡v ap¼pff ImeL«¯nð XoÀ¯pw ZpÀºeambncp¶p.cmPm[nImcw Xs¶ \maam{Xambncp¶p. F«ctbmK¡mcpw, F«p ho«nð ]nffamcpambncp¶p {][m\ambpw cmjv{Sobm[nImc§Ä I¿mfnbncp¶Xv. t£{X `cWm[nImcw F«ctbmKsa¶dnbs¸Sp¶ {_mÒW kwLhpw {]mtZinI `cWw F«pho«nð ]nffamsc¶dnbs¸Sp¶ \mbÀ {]amWnamcpamWv \S¯nt¸m¶Xv. Chsc Iogvs¸Sp¯n A[nImcw cmPmhnð \n£n]vXam¡m\pff {iaw ]et¸mgpw \S¶ncps¶¦nepw AsXm¶pw hnPbn¨nñ. amÀ¯mÞhÀabpsS Ime¯mWv F«ctbmK¡mscbpw F«pho«nð ]nffamscbpw \mamhtijam¡n
{io ]ß\m`kzman t£{X¯nsâbpw \mSnsâbpw `cWw cmPm[nImc¯n³ Iognð sImïp h¶Xv.
{io ]ß\m`kzmant£{XtKm]pc¯nsâ A©p \ne ]qÀ¯nbm¡nbXpw, s]m¶n³sImSnacw, Hä¡ðaÞ]w, iothen¸pc F¶nh \nÀ½n¨Xpw, ]ß\m`]pcw sIm«mcw \hoIcn¨Xpw amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ almcmPmhmWv. Icn¦ð¯qWpIfnse BIÀjIamb sIm¯p]WnIfpw `n¯n¨n{X§fpw Bcnepw hnkvabapWÀ¯pw. ]ß\m`]pcw sIm«mc¯nse NpaÀ Nn{X§fpw, U¨p XShpImc\mb Une\mbnbpsS kvacW \ne\nÀ¯p¶ DZbKncn tIm«bpw h«tIm«bpw aät\Iw tIm« sIm¯f§fpw amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ almcmPmhnsâ `mh\m sshinjvSys¯ hnfnt¨mXp¶hbmWv.
cmPyhnkvXrXn Hcp apJy IÀ½ambn `cW¯nepS\ofw {]mhÀ¯nIam¡nb cmPmhmbncp¶p amÀ¯mÞhÀ½. At±lw 1741þ se Ipf¨ð bp²¯nð h¨v U¨pImsc ]cmPbs¸Sp¯n. ]S\mbI\mb Une\mbn (Une\mbnbnð \n¶pw amÀ¯mÞ hÀ½ ]nSns¨Sp¯ ]SpIqä³ tXm¡v IpXncamfnItbmS\p_Ôn¨ ayqknb¯nð Ct¸mgpw kq£n¨n«pïv)tbbpw aäp ssk\nI
ta[mhnItfbpw XShpImcmbn ]nSn¨ At±lw XncphnXmwIqdnse ssk\nI kwhn[m\w iàna¯m¡n. bpt²m]IcWimebpw bqtdm]y³ coXnbnepff ssk\nI ]cnioe\hpw cmPy¯v \S¸nem¡m³ IgnªXv Une\mbntbbpw aäpw XShpImcmbn ]nSn¡m³ IgnªtXmsSbmWv. `cWImcy¯nse¶ t]mse Xncph\´]pcw \Kc¯nsâ apJmIrXn amänb `cWm[nImcnsb¶ \nebnepw amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ XnIª BZchÀln¡p¶p.
{_n«ojv CuÌn´ym I¼\n¡msc t{]mÕmln¸n¨Xv At±l¯nsâ `cW sshIey¯nse {][m\tcJbmbn ]nð¡me Ncn{XImc³amÀ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pïv. `cWw ssIhis¸Sp¯m³ [mcmfw {IqcIrXy§Ä sNbvXn«pff amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS \b§sf hnaÀint¡ïn ht¶¡msa¦nepw At±ls¯t¸mse iIvX\msbmcp `cWm[nImcn Ignª aq¶v \qämïpIÄ¡nSbnð ChnsS Dïmbn«nñ F¶Xv {it²bamWv.
ImÀ¯nI Xncp\mÄ
ImÀ¯nI Xncp\mÄ almcmPmhv (1758þ1798) 1758þð 33þas¯ hbÊnð cmPmhmbn. tIih]nff Znhm³Pn F¶ cmPmtIihZmksâ t\XyXz¯nð Sn¸phns\ ]cmPbs¸Sp¯nbXmWv ImÀ¯nIXncp\mfnsâ Imes¯ kp{][m\ cmjv{Sob kw`hw. Cu hnPb¯nsâ {]XoIambn«mWv Bdm«v Fgps¶ff¯nð Hcp ]¨s¡mSn Ct¸mgpw D]tbmKn¨p hcp¶Xv. Znhm\mbncp¶ tIih]nffbpsS ZoÀL ho£Ww \nan¯w XpdapJ hnIk\w, KXmKX kuIcyw hymhkmbnI Øm]\§Ä, t£{Xw, _w¥mhpIÄ F¶nhbpsS hnIk\w \S¶p. ImÀ¯nI Xncp\mfnsâ biÊv hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xnð KWyamb kw`mh\ \ðInbXn\memWv tIih]nffbv¡p cmPmtIihv Zmkv F¶ t]cv \ðIs¸«Xv. ]ß\m`]pc¯v \n¶pw Xncph\´]pct¯¡v XeØm\w amän ]ß\m`kzmant£{X\nÀ½mWw ]qÀ¯nbm¡pIbpw sNbvXXv ImÀ¯nI Xncp\mÄ almcmPmhmWv.
_mecma hÀ½
ImÀ¯nI Xncp\mfnsâ ]n³Kmanbmbn F¯nbXv 1798 s^{_phcn 18 \v A[nImc¯ntednb _mecmahÀ½bmbncp¶p (1798þ1810). kvXpXn]mSp¶hcptSbpw B{inXcptSbpw t{]cWIÄ¡p _mecmahÀ½ hiwhZ\mbncp¶p. {][m\a{´n ]Zw kz]v\w Iïv \S¶ncp¶ tImgnt¡ms« Hcp Pb´³ \¼qXncn _mecmahÀ½bpsS [ÀakNnh\mb cmP tIihZmknsâ t\À¡v ZpjvSNn´ ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. kÀÆm[nImcn Naªv \S¶ Pb´³ \¼qXncnbpsS {Iqcamb `cW\b§fnð s]mdpXnap«nb thep¯¼n _mecmahÀ½sb hn]¯v t_m²ys¸Sp¯n, Pb´³ \¼qXncnsb ]pd¯m¡n. cmPy`cWw ]camh[n ip²nbm¡m³ IgnªXn\mð a{´nbmbncp¶ thep¯¼nsb Zfhbmbn _mecmahÀ½ DbÀ¯n. {_n«ojpImcpambn Dïmb kac¯nð AhÀ¡v IogS§m³ X¿mdmImsX 1809 amÀ¨nð thep¯¼n Zfh a®Sn t£{X¯nð BßmlpXn sNbvXp F¶p Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.
dmWn Kucn e£van_mbn
_mecmahÀ½sb XpSÀ¶v A[nImc¯nse¯nbXv 20 hbÊpïmbncp¶ dmWn Kucn e£van _mbn(1810þ1829)bmbncp¶p. Znhm³ ]Zhnbnencp¶v kðt¸cv \in¸n¨ D½nWn¯¼nsb ]Zhnbnð \n¶pw dmWn ]pd¯m¡n, `cW apt¶ä¯n\v tIWð a¬tdmbpsS klmbhpw A`yÀ°n¨p. AXv {]Imcw 1812 ð ‘N«hcntbme’ F¶ t]cnð Hcp `cW{IahyhØbv¡v cq]w \ðIn, tIkpIÄ XoÀ¡m³ ‘lpkqÀ tImSXn’ Øm]n¨p. tZhkzw, sIm«mc Imcy§Ä, \nIpXn ]ncnhv, hmWnPyw F¶o Imcy§fnð hyhØbpïmbn. Xncph\´]pc¯pw sImñ¯pw dknU³kn _w¥mhpIÄ ]WnXp. bqtdm]y³amsc sIm«mc¯nð BZyw {]thin¸n¨Xv Cu dmWnbmWv. dmWnbpsS BZy Ip«nbmWv KÀ`{ioams\¶ JymXnt\Snb
kzmXn Xncp\mÄ. dmWnbpsS AIme hntbmK¯n\p tijw ktlmZcnbmbncp¶ dmWn Kucn ]mÀÆXn _mbn Bbncp¶p kzmXn Xncp\mfn\v {]mb ]qÀ¯nbmIpw hsc `cWw \S¯nbncp¶Xv. dmWnbpsS Ime¯mWv ITn\wIpfwþXncph\´]pcw tXmSv KXmKXtbmKyam¡nbXv.
kzmXn Xncp\mÄ
1813 G{]nð 16 \mWv kzmXn Xncp\mÄ P\n¨Xv. sIm«mcw A¡me¯v IemImcòmcptSbpw ]ÞnX³amcptSbpw taf\cwKambncp¶p. {]ikvX B«¡YmImc\pw kwKoXÚ\pambncp¶ Ccbn½³ X¼n kzmXnXncp\mfns\ Xmcm«p ]mSm\mbn FgpXnbXmWv “Hma\¯n¦Ä¡nSmthm \ñ tImaf¯mac¸qthm” F¶mcw`n¡p¶ a[pcKm\w. kwKoX kmlnXymZnIfnð {]mhnWyw t\Snb kzmXn Xncp\mÄ 1829 ð 16 hbÊpfft¸mÄ `cWtaäp (1829þ1846). {_n«ojv dknUâpamcptSbpw KhÀWÀamcptSbpw ssIIS¯epIÄ kzmXn Xncp\mfns\ Gsd _p²nap«n¨ncp¶p. lpkqÀ It¨cn sImñ¯v \n¶pw Xncph\´]pct¯¡v amän. `cW kwhn[m\¯n\v DtZymKØÀ¡v {IahyhØbpïm¡n. Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymkØm]\§Ä Øm]n¨p. tImSXnIÄ cq]oIcn¨p. `qan kÀtÆ \S¸m¡n AXnÀ¯n XÀ¡§Ä ]cnlcn¨p, Atem¸XnNnInÕmebw, hm\\ocn£W\nebwF¶nh Øm]n¨p. A¨Sn{]hÀ¯\w, ]»nIv sse{_dn, lkvXenJnX {KÙime F¶nhbv¡v XpS¡an«p. sk³kÊv GÀs¸Sp¯n. I¶pImen kwc£W¯n\v Ubdn XpS§n. arKime Bcw`n¨p. ‘ipNo{µw ssIap¡v’ F¶ in£mhn[n \nÀ¯ð sNbvXp. IpähmfnIÄ¡v “ap¡menð sI«n ASn“ in£ \evIn h¶Xpw Ipäw sNbvX kv{XoIsf Xe apÞ\w sNbvXv \mSp IS¯p¶Xpw Ahkm\n¸n¨p. IemImcòmsc DZmcambn t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. C§s\ Nn«bmb Hcp `cW {Ia¯n\v cq]w \ðIn. IpXncamfnI ]WnIgn¸n¨Xv kzmXn Xncp\mÄ almcmPmhmWv. 1846 Unkw_À 25 \v acn¡p¶Xn\v ap¼v `mcX¯n\v AI¯pw ]pd¯pw XncphnXmwIqdnsâ kmwkvImcnI biÊpw ]mc¼cyhpw hnimeam¡p¶Xnð Aaqeyamb kw`mh\bmWv kzmXn Xncp\mÄ \evInbXv.
D{Xw Xncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½
tPyjvTktlmZc\mb kzmXn Xncp\mfnsâ ]n³Kmanbmbn D{Xw Xncp\mÄ (1847þ1860) A[nImc¯ntedn. _lp`mj ]ÞnX\mbncp¶ D{Xw Xncp\mÄ hntZi¯v \n¶v acp¶pIÄ hcp¯n ip{iqjmcwK¯v {]tbmKn¨Xpw, A¨pIp¯v XpS§nb {]Xntcm[ {]hÀ¯\w sN¿p¶Xnepw, Bip]{Xn sa¨s¸« coXnbnð \S¯nsImïv t]mIp¶Xnepw {i²n¨p. 1851 ð Xncph\´]pc¯v Dïmb Aán_m[aqew At\Iw t]À¡v hoSpIfpw ISIfpw \jvSs¸«Xns\ XpSÀ¶mWv hoSpIÄ HmSptabm³ GÀ¸mSm¡nbXv. 1885 ð ASna k{¼Zmbw \nÀ¯em¡n. 1853 Unkw_dnð Ica\bmänð \nÀ½n¨ henbIñp]mew(tIcf¯nse BZys¯ tIm¬{Ioäv ]mew) BÀ`mS]qÀÆw almcmPmhv Xs¶ DZvLmS\w sNbvXp. Hcp e£w cq] apS¡n, e^vä\âv tlmkvtebpsS t\XyXz¯nð ]Wnbn¨Xmbncp¶p B ]mew. kzmXnXncp\mfmbncp¶p inebn«X.v 1855 ð
Sn. am[hdmhq Znhm³ ]Zhnbnembn. 1856 ð sX¡pw hS¡pambn cïv Unhnj³ cq]oIcn¨v `cWhyhØbpïm¡n. \m©n\m«v \n¶v Xncph\´]pcw hscsb¯p¶ Hcp I\mensâ \nÀ½mWw almcmPmhv Bcw`n¨p. shff¯q¼ sImïv kzbw a®v amänsImïmbncp¶p XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv. CtXmsSbmWv XncphnXmwIqdnð
]n.U»yq.Un. hIp¸v {]hÀ¯\w Bcw`n¨Xv. 1860 BKÌv 19 \v At±lw A´cn¨p.
Bbneyw Xncp\mÄ cmahÀ½
1860 sk]vXw_À Ggn\v 29þmas¯ hbÊnð Bbneyw Xncp\mÄ cmahÀ½ almcmPmhv (1860þ1880) A[nImc¯ntedn. s]mXpacma¯v hIp¸v kwLSn¸n¨p. ipNo{µw Xncph\´]pcw F¶nhnS§fnse t£{X tKm]pc§Ä ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. ]ßXoÀ°w ipNoIcn¨p. 1873 ð tImtfPv \nÀ½mWw ]qÀ¯nbm¡n. \nba\S]SnIÄ {IaoIcn¡m³ kZÀtImSXn, PnñmtImSXn XpS§nbh cq]oIcn¨p. kÀ¡mÀ A©ð s]mXpP\§Ä¡mbn Xpd¶p. Kh. BÀSvkv tImtfPv , kb³kv tImtfPv, shÀWm¡peÀ kvIqÄ, tem tImtfPv, kÀtÆ kvIqÄ, s{Sbn\nwKv kvIqÄ, tKÄkv kvIqÄ, _p¡v ske£³ I½än, Xncph\´]pc¯pw aäp ]e Øe§fnepw Bip]{XnIÄ, at\mtcmKmip]{Xn F¶nh Øm]n¨p. hmIvknt\j³ GÀs¸Sp¯pI hgn tcmK {]Xntcm[¯n\v GÀ¸mSpïm¡n. hÀ¡e Xpc¦w, ]p\eqÀ Xq¡p]mew (1877)XpS§nb KXmKX \S]SnIÄ ssIs¡mïp. {_n«ojv cmÚnbnð \n¶pÄs¸sS \nch[n _ncpZ§Ä cmPmhn\v e`n¨p.
aebmf¯n\v anI¨ kmlnXy kw`mh\IÄ \ðInb At±l¯nsâ imIp´fw ]cn`mjbmWv aebmf\mSI¯n\v XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv. Xncph\´]pcs¯ ]p¯³ It¨cn, Be¸pgbnse hnf¡pacw aäp ]«W§fnse HutZymKnI sI«nS§Ä XpS§nbh Bbneyw Xncp\mfnsâ kw`mh\IfmWv. 1880 sabv 31 \v At±lw A´cn¨p.
hnimJw Xncp\mÄ
Bbneyw Xncp\mfnsâ Cfb ktlmZc\mb {iohnimJw Xncp\mÄ cmahÀ½ almcmPmhv (1880þ1885) 1837 ð P\n¨p. XncphnXmwIqdnsâ X\XvImcy§Ä tiJcn¨v {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xnð DðkpI\mbncp¶p. I¸¡rjnbnð Xmev]cyapïmbncp¶ hnimJw Xncp\mfmWv Zcn{ZtImSnIfpsS `£Wambn amdnb I¸bpsS Irjn tIcf¯nð hym]n¸n¨Xv. aebmf¯n\v anI¨ kmlnXy kw`mh\IÄ \ðInb hnimJw Xncp\mfnsâ cN\Isfñmw {i²m]qÀÆamb ]T\¯nsâbpw teJ\ ssh`h¯nsâbpw ^e§fmWv. P³a\m ZpÀºe\mbncp¶ hnimJw Xncp\mÄ A©p hÀjta XncphnXmwIqÀ hmWncp¶pffq. 1885 Pqssebnð At±lw A´cn¨p.
{ioaqew Xncp\mÄ
1857 sk]vXw_À 25 \v {ioaqew Xncp\mÄ P\n¨p. amXmhv sNdp¸¯nse \jvSs¸« {ioaqew Xncp\mÄ, D{Xw Xncp\mfnsâbpw, Bbneyw Xncp\mfnsâbpw, hnimJw Xncp\mfnsâbpw kwc£WbnemWv hfÀ¶Xv. 1885 BKkvXv 19 \v 32þmw hbÊnð {ioaqew (1885þ1924) cmPmhmbn. hn. cma¿¦mcmbncp¶p BZy Znhm³. 1887þ1892 Ime¯v Sn cmadmhp Znhm³ ]Zhn hln¨p. 1887 s^{_phcn 17 \v Cw¥ïnð hnIvtSmdnb dmWnbpsS `cW¯nsâ kphÀW Pq_nen BtLmj¯nsâ kvamcIambmWv hnIvtSmdnb Pq_nen Su¬ lmÄ (hn sP Sn lmÄ) \nÀ½n¨Xv. 1888 ð a{Zmkv KhÀWÀ I®ntadm {]`p Xncph\´]pcw kµÀin¨Xnsâ kvacWbv¡mbn ]mfbw I®ntadm amÀ¡äv Øm]n¨p. 1887 ð cmadmhphns\ {ioaqew Znhm\mbn \nban¨p. 1892 hsc Cu ]Zhnbnð XpSÀ¶ At±l¯nsâ kvacWbv¡mWv Fð.Fw.Fkn\p ap¶nse cmadmhp hnf¡v \ne\nÀ¯nt¸mcp¶Xv. 1924 ð {ioaqew A´cn¨p.
`cWImew
XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPhwi¯nse Ahkm\ `cWIÀ¯mhmWv
{io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ _mecmahÀ½ almcmPmhv (1931þ1956). cmP IpSpw_¯nð A\´chIminIfnñm¯Xn\mð amthen¡c DÕhaTw sIm«mc¯nð \n¶pw tkXp e£vao_mbnsbbpw tkXp ]mÀÆXn _mbnsbbpw Zs¯Sp¯p.
Zs¯Sp¯ I\yIamÀ¡v hnZym`ymkw ]qÀ¯nbmb tijw hnhmlhpw \S¯n. Infnam\qÀ sIm«mc ¯nse chn hÀ½ tImbn¯¼pcm\mWv tkXp ]mÀÆXo _mbnsb hnhmlw Ign¨Xv. B Z¼XnamcpsS aq¯ aI\mbncp¶p {io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ _mecmahÀ½. dmWn e£van_mbn, D{XmSw Xncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞ hÀ½ F¶nhcmbncp¶p aäp a¡Ä. 1924 ð {ioaqew A´cn¡pt¼mÄ A\´cmhIminbmb Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ {]mb]qÀ¯n bmIm¯Xn\mð aq¯dmWn tkXp e£vao_mbn doPâmbn. 1931 sk]vXw_À 1 hsc dmWn `cn¨p.
hntZis¯ `cWþhyhkmb cwK§Ä a\Ênem¡m³ 1932 ð A½sbbpw ktlmZcnsbbpw Iq«n Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ eï³ kµÀin¨p. IqsS {^m³kv, Bkv{Snb, PÀ½\n, kznävkÀeâv, s\XÀeâv XpS§nb cmPy§fpw kµÀin¨p.
hn.Fkv kp{_aWy¿À, BÌnð, l_o_pff, tUm. Ipª³ ]nff XpS§nbhÀ At±l¯nsâ Iognse BZyIme Znhm³amcmbncp¶p. a{Zmkv AUzt¡äv P\dembncp¶ sNXv]«v ]«m`ncma cmakzman A¿À \nbtam]tZiI \mbn«mWv ChnsS F¯nbXv. 1936 HIvtSm_À 10 \v Znhm\mbn A[nImctaäp. 1936 \v {io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ almcmPmhv al¯mb t£{X{]thi\ hnfw_cw ]pds¸Sphn¨p.
_lphn[ {]hÀ¯\§fmð hnZym`ymk cwKw \hoIcn¨p. h[in£ Ahkm\n¸n¨p. sXmgnen\p {]m[m\yw \ðIns¡mïp te_À tImÀ«v Øm]n¨p. {]mb]qÀ¯n thm«hImi¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nð `cW LS\m \nÀ½mW kanXn C´ybnð BZyambn cq]oIcn¨p. \nehnepïmbncp¶ \mbÀ {_ntKUnð Fñm {]PIÄ¡pw {]thi\w \ðIn hn]peamb tÌm¡v t^mgvkv cq]oIcn¨p
ap³]pïmbncp¶ {ioaqew tÌäv Akw»n, {io aqew {]Pmk`, {io Nn{Xm tÌäv Akw»n F¶n§s\ CcpXe§fpff \nbak`bm¡n hnIkn¸n¨p.
{io Nn{Xm tlmw F¶ AKXn aµncw Øm]n¨p. h©n ]phÀ ^ïpw cq]oIcn¨p.
cmPy¯nsâ hymhkmbnI ]ptcmKXn¡mbn hyhkmbimeIÄ Øm]n¨p:
{io Nn¯ncXncp\mfnsâ `cW Imes¯ t\«§Ä :
1937 \hw_À H¶mw XobXn XncphnXmwIqÀ kÀÆIemimeØm]n¨p.
Xncph\´]pcw hnam\¯mhfw ]Wn Ign¸n¨v t_mws_bv¡v hnam\ kÀÆokv Bcw`n¨p.
Xncph\´]pcw tdUntbmtÌj³ Bcw`n¨p.
s]mXpKXmKXhIp¸v cq]oIcn¨v ]»nIv {Sm³kvt]mÀ«v k{¼Zmbw \S¸m¡n.
]ffnhmkð PesshZypX ]²Xn {]mtbmKnIam¡nsImïv XncphnXmwIqdnemsI sshZypXn e`n¡p¶ ]²Xn \S¸nem¡n.
Xncph\´]pcw \Kc¯nð sshZypXoIcWw \S¸nem¡n.
Xncph\´]pcwþI\ymIpamcn tdmUv, knaâv tIm¬{Ioäv sNbvXp.
Xncph\´]pc¯v ip²Pe hnXcW ]²Xn ]qÀ¯nbm¡n.
hnZym`ymk ]cnjv¡cW¯n\v ÌmYmw UbdIvSdmbn I½nän cq]oIcn¨p.
IÀjIcpsS EW _m[yX ]cnlcn¡m³ EW\nhmcW I½än cq]oIcn¨p.
1938 ð `q]Wb_m¦v ]p\: Øm]n¨p.
kÀ¡mÀ B^okpIfnse \nba\¯n\mbn t\mIvkv I½ojWdmbn ]»nIv kÀÆokv I½oj³ cq]oIcn¨p.
\nbak`Ifnte¡pff sXcsªSp¸v \oXn]qÀÆIam¡m³ C. kp{_aWy¿À I½ojWdmbn {^mss©kv I½ojs\ \nban¨p.
kzmXn Xncp\mÄ kwKoX tImtfPv Øm]n¨p.
kzmXn Xncp\mÄ IrXnIÄ {]kn²oIcn¡m³ GÀ¸mSpïm¡n.
{io kzmXn Xncp\mÄ kwKoXk` cq]oIcn¡p¶Xn\pw AXn\v BØm\w Dïm¡p¶Xn\pw thï kuIcyw sNbvXp sImSp¯p.
t_mws_bnð tIcf Fwt]mdnbw kÀ¡mÀ NpaXebnð Bcw`n¨p.
{ioNn{Xm BÀ«v Kymedn Øm]n¨v, cmPmchn hÀ½, sI.kn.Fkv.]Wn¡À XpS§n {]kn² Nn{XImc³amcpsS Nn{X§Ä {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xn\v kuIcyw Hcp¡n.
AtIzdnbw Øm]n¨v imkv{Xob ]T\¯n\v hgnsbmcp¡n.
BÄ C´y³ hna³kv tIm¬^d³kv 1935 ð Xncph\´]pc¯v kwLSn¸n¡p¶Xn\v A½ almdmWn¡p thï ]n´pW \ðIn, kv{XoIfpsSbpw Ip«nIfpsSbpw kwc£W hnjb¯nepff {]tXyI Xmev]cyw {]ZÀin¸n¨p.
kvt]mÀSvkv hnjb¯nð XncphnXmwIqdn\pïmb ]ptcmKXnbnð Xsâ kyme³ tIWð tKmZhÀ½ Xncpta\n \ðInb anI¨ kw`mh\IÄ¡v ]n´pWtbIn.
1934 ð sse^v C³jpd³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv kamcw`n¨p.
Xncph\´]pcs¯ ]»nIv slð¯v et_md«dn {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¨p.
\r¯mZnIeIÄ¡p thïn ]qP¸pcbnð Kpcp tKm]n\mYnsâ taðt\m«¯nð {io Nn{Xm \À¯Imebw XpS§n.
s]cnbmÀ tX¡Sn h\yPohn kt¦Xw \nÀ½n¨p.
Xncph\´]pcw saUn¡ð tImtfPv, F©n\obdnwKv tImtfPv, BbpÀtÆZ tImtfPv, tlmantbm¸Xn tImtfPv XpS§nb Øm]\§fpsS C¶s¯ hfÀ¨bv¡v ASnØm\an«p.
amXrþinip tcmKNnInÕ¡mbn {io. Ahn«w Xncp\mÄ Bip]{Xn Øm]n¨p.
{io Nn{Xm saUn¡ð skâÀ Øm]n¨p.
1947 BKkvXv 15 \v `mcXw kzX{´ambn. 1949 Pqembv H¶n\v XncphnXmwIqdpw sIm¨nbpw kwtbmPn¡s¸«p. F¶mð 1956 \hw_À H¶p hsc {io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ cmPØm\¯v XpSÀ¶p. sFIytIcfw cq]w sImïtXmsS At±lw A[nImcw Hgnªv km[mcW ]ucòmsct¸msebmbn. 1992 Pqembv 12 \v akvXnjvImLmXs¯ XpSÀ¶v {io Nn{Xm saUn¡ð skâdnð {]thin¸n¡s¸« {io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ almcmPmhv Pqembv 20 \v \mSv \o§n.
t£{X{]thi\ hnfw_cw
“{io ]ß\m`Zmk h©n]me kÀ _mecmahÀa IpetiJc IncoS]Xn at¶ kpð¯m³ almcmP cmPcmacmP_lZqÀ jwtjÀPMv ss\äv {Km³Uv Iam³UÀ Hm^v Zn tamÌv Fan\âv HmÀUÀ Hm^v Zn C´y³ Fw]bÀ”þXncphnXmwIqÀ almcmPmhv Xncpa\ÊpsImïv 1936 \hw_À 12þmw XobXn¡p icnbmb 1112 Xpemw 27þmw XobXn ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶ hnfw_cw.
\½psS aX¯nsâ ]camÀYXbpw kp{]amWXbpw KmVambn t_m[ys¸Spw, BbXv ssZhnIamb A\pimk\¯nepw kÀh hym]Iamb klnjvWpXbnepamWv ASnbpd¨ncn¡p¶sX¶v hnizkn¨pw, AXnsâ {]hÀ¯\¯nð AXviXhÀj§fmbn Iem]cnhÀ¯\¯n\v A\ptbmPn¨pt]m¶psh¶v [cn¨pw, \½psS lnµp {]PIfnð BÀ¡pw AhcpsS P\\tam, PmXntbm, kapZmbtam ImcWw lnµp aXhnizmk¯nsâ im´nbpw, km´z\hpw \ntj[n¡s¸Sm³ ]mSnsñ¶papff Dð¡WvTbmepw, \mw Xocpam\n¡pIbpw BÚm]n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶sXs´¶mð, kapNnXamb ]cnX:ØnXnIÄ ]cnc£n¡p¶Xn\pw {Inbm ]²XnIfpw BNmc§fpw h¨p \S¯p¶Xn\pw \mw \nÝbn¡pIbpw Npa¯pIbpw sN¿mhp¶ \nba§Ä¡pw \n_Ô\IÄ¡pw hnt[bambn, P\\mtem aXhnizmk¯ntem lnµphmb bmsXmcmÄ¡pw \½psSbpw, \½psS KhÀsaïnsâbpw \nb{´W¯nepff t£{X§fnð {]thin¡p¶Xnt\m Bcm[\ \S¯p¶Xnt\m C\ntað bmsXmcp \ntcm[\hpw Dïmbncn¡m³ ]mSnsñ¶mIp¶p”.
\mgnI¡ñpIÄ
almcmPm¡³amÀ
\mgnI¡ñpIÄ
amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bptSbpw (1729þ1758) [À½ cmPmhntâbpw (1758þ1798) Imet¯mSp IqSnbmWv XncphnXmwIqdnð {]_p²amb `cWw Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. ]ptcmKa\]chpw P\t£aIchpamb ]cnjvImc§Ä Cu ImeL«¯nð \S¸nem¡nbn«pïv. AgnaXn¡mcpw kXykÔcpañm¯ DtZymKØòmsc ]ncn¨phn«v `cW¯nð ip²oIcWw \S¯nb `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶p thep¯¼nZfh. kÀ¡mÀ Imcy§Ä ImeXmakanñmsX \S¸nem¡p¶Xn\v At±lw Fñm \S]SnIfpw ssIs¡mïp. \nIpXn hn`mKw ]p\:kwLSn¸n¨p. Xncph\´]pcw \Kcw ]p\cp²cn¨v hnZym`ymks¯ t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. ]n¶oSp h¶ D½nWn¯¼nbpw Nne ]cnjvImc§Ä \S¸nem¡n. Hmtcm Pnñbnepw PbnepIÄ Øm]n¨p. Xncph\´]pc¯n\pw s\¿män³Ic¡panS¡pÅ ImSpIÄ sh«ns¯fn¸n¨v s\bv¯pImsc ]mÀ¸n¨p. Cu {]tZiamWv ]nð¡me¯v ""_mecma]pcw'' F¶ t]cnednbs¸«Xv. 1810 apXð 1815 hsc `cn¨ncp¶
dmWn Kucn e£van `mbnbpsS Ime¯mWv sk{I«dntbäv k{¼Zmbw \nehnð h¶Xv. dknUâv Znhm\mbncp¶ a¬tdmbmWv CXv \S¸nem¡nbXv. 1812 se cmPIob hnfw_c¯nð ASna¡¨hSw \nÀ¯em¡n. tZhkz§fpsS ZpÀ`cWw \nÀ¯em¡m³ AhbpsS `cWw 1811 sk]vXw_dnð kÀ¡mÀ t\cn«v GsäSp¯p. Zqchym]Iamb ]cnjvImc§fmbncp¶p a¬tdmbptSXv. 1815 apXð 1829 hsc `cn¨ncp¶ Kucn ]mÀÆXn`mbnbpsS Ime¯v XncphnXmwIqÀ kmaqlyhpw `cW]chpamb t\«§Ä ssIhcn¨p. ]ePmXn¡mcpw PmXnbpsS t]cnð \ðInbncp¶ \nIpXn \nÀ¯em¡n. eï³ anj³ skmsskän (Fð.Fw.Fkv)
1816 ð \mKÀtImhnenepw, NÀ¨v anj³ skmsskän (kn.Fw.Fkv) Be¸pgbpw tIm«b¯pw XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv Cu Ime¯mWv.
B[p\nI XncphnXmwIqdnsâ Ncn{X¯nse kphÀ® ImeamWv kzmXn Xncp\mfnsâ `cWImew (1829þ1847). BZmb¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nð \nIpXnbpsS tXmXv \nÀ®bn¡m³ 1837 ð At±lw Hcp dh\yq kÀtÆ Bcw`n¨p. 1837 apXð 1860 hsc `cn¨ncp¶ D{Xw Xncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS Ime¯v sX¡³ XncphnXmwIqdnse Nm¶mÀkv{XoIÄ¡v amdp adbv¡m\pÅ kzmX{´yw A\phZn¨p. 1859 ð s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡p thïn Hcp kvIqÄ Øm]n¨p. XncphnXmwIqdnse BZys¯ t]mÌm^okv 1857 ð Xpd¶p. \ho\coXnbnepÅ BZys¯ IbÀ ^mIvSdn {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¡p¶Xpw (1859ð) Ct±l¯nsâ Ime¯mWv.
1860þ1880 hsc `cn¨ncp¶ Bbneyw Xncp\mfnsâ Ime¯mWv \nch[n `q]cnjv¡mc§Ä XncphnXmwIqdnð \nehnð h¶Xv. Xncph\´]pcs¯ ImgvN_w¥mhpw C¶s¯ bqWnthgvknän tImtfPnsâ {][m\ sI«nShpw ]WnIgn¸n¨Xv C¡me¯mWv. 1874 ð \nbahnZym`ymkw Bcw`n¨p. XncphnXmwIqdnse ka{Kamb BZys¯ Imt\jpamcn¡W¡v 1875 ð X¿mdm¡s¸«p. Xncph\´]pcw \Kcw kwc£n¡p¶Xn\pw ipNoIcW {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¯p¶Xn\pw N«§fpïm¡n. \nIpXn `cW k{¼Zmbw ]cnjvIcn¨p sImïmWv {ioaqew Xncp\mÄ cmahÀ½ (1885þ1924) apt¶äw \S¯nbXv. IrjnImcy§Ä¡pthïn {]tXyI hIp¸pïm¡n. Xncph\´]pc¯v kwkvIrXtImtfPv, BbpÀthZtImtfPv, em tImtfPv, F¶nhsbñmw {ioaqew Xncp\mÄ cmahÀ½bpsS Ime¯mWv {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¨Xv. \Kc\n[n GÀs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\pw \KchnIk\kanXnIÄ cq]hð¡cn¡p¶Xn\pw 1891þ92 ð \Kckwc£W hnIk\\nbaw \S¸nem¡n. sePntÉäohv Iu¬knð Øm]n¨XmWv Gähpw anI¨ ]cnjvImcw, C´y³ kwØm\§fnð BZyambn cq]wsImï \nba\nÀ½mWk`bmbncp¶p CXv. 1924 apXð 1931 hsc tkXp e£vao_mbnbpsS doPâv `cWambncp¶p. {Kma{]tZi§fnð kzbw`cWw hnIkn¸n¡p¶Xn\pthïn {Kma]©mb¯pIÄ cq]oIcn¨p. acpa¡¯mb¯n\p ]Icw a¡¯mbw GÀs¸Sp¯n. 1925 ð ""\mbÀ dKptej³' \nehnð h¶p. Ahkm\s¯ XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPmhmbncp¶ {io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ _mecmahÀ½ bpsS (1931 apXð 1949 hsc) 1936 se t£{X {]thi\ hnfw_chpw, 1937-se XncphnXmwIqÀ kÀÆIemimem Øm]\hpw FSp¯p ]dtbï t\«§fmWv. C¡mes¯ hyhkmbhð¡cW\bw aqeamWv GeqÀ, ]p\eqÀ, Ipïd F¶o ]«W§Ä C¶s¯ hyhkmb {]m[m\yw ssIhcn¨Xv. tÌäv {Sm³kvt]mÀ«v kÀÆokv XpS§nbXpw ]Ånhmkð PesshZypXn ]²XnbpsS \nÀ½mWhpw C¡me¯mWv.
XncphnXmwIqÀ þ sIm¨n kwtbmP\w :þ 1949 Pqembv 1 \v XncphnXmwIqÀþsIm¨n kwtbmPn¸n¡s¸«p. ]pXnb kwØm\¯nsâ BØm\w Xncph\´]pc¯pw sslt¡mSXn FdWmIpf¯pw Bbn Xocpam\n¡s¸«p. kwØm\¯nse BZy P\Ioba{´nk` Sn.sI.\mcmbW]nÅbpsS t\XrXz¯n embncp¶p. XpSÀ¶v ]e a{´nk`Ifpw cq]w sImÅpIbpw Ahkm\n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ]\¼nÅn tKmhnµtat\msâ a{´nk` 1956 ð \new]Xn¨tXmsS kwØm\¯v BZyambn {]knUâv `cWw \S¸nembn.
tIcfkwØm\¯nsâ ]ndhn :þ 1956 \hw_À 1 \v sFIy tIcfw bmYmÀ°yambn. kwØm\¯nsâ Xeh\mbn KhÀWÀ h¶p. 1957 ð BZy s]mXp sXscsªSp¸v \S¶p. C´y³ I½yqWnÌv ]mÀ«n `cW¯nð F¯n. C.Fw.Fkv \¼qXncn¸mSv BZy apJya{´nbmbn. `cWkncmtI{µw Xncph\´]pcambn.
almcmPm¡³amÀ
A\ngw Xncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ almcmPmhnsâ `cWImeamWv B[p\nI XncphnXmwIqdnsâ XpS¡sa¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. {ioaqew Xncp\mfntâbpw doPâp dmWnbptSbpw ImeL«ambt¸mtg¡pw tZiob {]Øm\w iànbmÀÖn¨p.
amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ almcmPmhv (1729þ1758):þ cmahÀ½ almcmPmhv (sImñhÀjw 881 apXð 903 hsc) \mSp\o§nbXns\ XpSÀ¶v A\ngw Xncp\mÄ amÀ¯mÞhÀ½ almcmPmhv (sImñhÀjw 904 apXð 933 hsc) (1729 apXð 1758 hsc) A[nImctaäp. 1732 ð cma¿³, Zfhm Øm\w GsäSp¯p. cma¿sâ acW tijw A¿¸³ amÀ¯mÞ¸nÅ B ]Zhn hln¨p.
ImÀ¯nI Xncp\mÄ [À½cmPmhv (1758þ98):þ- \mep ]Xnämïne[nIw cmPyw `cn¨v XncphnXmwIqdns\ [À½cmPyam¡n amän. Zfhm Øm\w amän apKÄ N{IhÀ¯namcpsS {][m\a{´namÀ hln¨ncp¶ Znhm³ Øm\w XncphnXmwIqdn\p \ðIn. kÀÆmZn tIih ]nÅbmWv Znhm³ ]Zhn BZyw hln¨Xv.
_mecma hÀ½ (1798þ1810):þ 16þmw hbÊnð A[nImcw GsäSp¯p. 1801 ð thep¯¼nsb Zfhbmbn \nban¨p. thep¯¼n¡ptijw D½nWn¯¼n Zfhm]Zw GsäSp¯p.
dmWn Kucn e£vao_mbn (1810þ1814):þ tIme¯p\mSp cmPIpSpw_¯nse Hcp imJbmbncp¶p dmWne£vao_mbnbpsS ]qÀÆIpSpw_w. 1810 apXð 1814 hscbmbncp¶p dmWnbpsS `cWImew 1813 hsc dmWnbmbpw 1813 ð doPâmbpw AhÀ `cWw XpSÀ¶p.
dmWn Kuco]mÀÆXo_mbn (1814þ1829):þ {]mb]qÀ¯nbmIm¯ kzmXn Xncp\mfn\pthïn 14 sImñw amXrktlmZcnbmb dmWn Kucn]mÀÆXo_mbn doPâmbn `cWw GsäSp¯p.
kzmXnXncp\mÄ (1829þ1847):þ kÀÆIemhñ`\pw CÑmiànbpsS tI{µhpw Bbncp¶p kzmXnXncp\mÄ almcmPmhv. XncphnXmwIqÀ Ncn{X¯nð ad¡m\mhm¯ kw`mh\IÄ \ðInb cmPmhmbncp¶p kzmXnXncp\mÄ.
D{Xw Xncp\mÄ (1847þ1860):þ D{Xw Xncp\mfnsâ `cWIme¯v IrjvWcmbsc Znhm³Pnbmbn \nban¨p. cmPys¯ \mep Unhnj\pIfm¡n, Hmtcm Znhm³ t]jvImÀamsc \nban¨p. P\t£aIc§fmb ]²XnIÄ¡v hnes¸« kw`mh\IÄ \ðInbn«pïv.
Bbneyw Xncp\mÄ (1860þ1880):þ {]Kev`\mb Znhm³
cmPmkÀ Sn. am[hdmhphnsâ klmb¯mð sa¨s¸« `cWw ImgvNh¨p. cmPmhns\ klmbn¡m\mbn No^v F©n\obÀ _mÀ«¬ kmbn¸pw Dïmbncp¶p.
hnimJw Xncp\mÄ (1880þ1885):þ Cw¥ojv `mjbnð AKm[amb ]mÞnXyw Dïmbncp¶p. anI¨ {KÙImc\pw, Irjnimkv{Xw, tPymXnjw, kkyimkv{Xw, XXzimkv{Xw XpS§nbhbnepw thï{X {]mhoWyw t\Snb cmPmhmbncp¶p.
{ioaqew Xncp\mÄ (1886þ1924):þ \mep ]XnämïpImew XncphnXmwIqÀ `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶p. XncphnXmwIqdnsâ kaqeamb ]cnhÀ¯\§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨ almcmPmhmWv {ioaqew Xncp\mÄ.
doPâv tkXpe£van_mbn (1924þ1931):þ kmaqlyt£a {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¨ doPâv dmWn \nch[n ]ptcmKa\]cn]mSnIÄ¡v t\XrXzw \ðIn. Fw.C hm«vks\ Znhm\mbn \nban¡pIbpïmbn. \mep hÀj¯n\p tijw hn.Fkv.kp{_ÒWy¿À Znhm\mbn.
{io Nn¯ncnXncp\mÄ almcmPmhv (1931þ1949):þ XncphnXmwIqÀþsIm¨n kwØm\¯nse cmP{]apJ³ F¶ ]Zhn Ae¦cn¨p. ]n¶oSv km[mcW ]uc\mbpw Pohn¨p. kzmX{´y{]m]vXn¡pap¼v H¶c hymgh«¡mew XncphnXmwIqÀ `cn¨p.
BapJw
BZyIme Ncn{Xs¯¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀi hnjb§fS§nb hnhn[ tcJIfmWv imk\§fpw \mWb§fpw sIm«mc§fpw NpaÀ Nn{X§fpw aäpw. Xncph\´]pcs¯ kw_Ôn¡p¶ Nne tcJIÄ s]mXphnð XncphnXmwIqdnsâ Ncn{XtcJIÄ IqSnbmWtñm.
imk\§Ä
F.Un 1000þamïv atlmZb]pc¯p h¨v `mkvIc chn hÀ½ H¶ma³ PqX³amÀ¡p \ðInb imk\w A¡mes¯ aX kulmÀ±¯nsâ sXfnhmbn IW¡m¡s¸Sp¶p. F.Un 849 ð thWmSv cmPmhmb A¿\SnIÄ Xcnkm¸ffn¡v Iqsd `qan Zm\w sN¿p¶Xns\ ]änbpïmb imk\amWv “Xcnkm¸ffn imk\w” F.Un 974 ð thWm«v {iohñ`³ tImXbpsS am¼ffn imk\amWv tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pff BZyimk\w. `mkvIc chn H¶ma³ (F.Un 962þ1019), CµptImX F¶nhscIpdn¨dnbm\pw Cu imk\w D]Icn¡pw. hocchnhÀ½bpsS (1195þ1205) shffmbWn imk\w, chn tIcf hÀ½bpsS aWen¡c imk\w, Infnam\qÀ tcJIÄ F¶nh thWmSnsâ Ncn{X¯nte¡v shfn¨w hoim³ klmbn¡p¶p. F.Un 1218 se IïnbqÀ t£{X\nÀ½mWhpambn _Ôs¸«v hoccma tIcfhÀa tcJs¸Sp¯nb imk\w t£{XaÞ]¯nð sIm¯nbn«pïv. Hä¡ð aÞ]¯nð F.Un 1229 \pw 1731þ\panSbv¡v Øm]n¡s¸« hoc_me amÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS kwkvIrX imk\w ImWmw. Ct±lw \S¯nb t£{X ]p\À\nÀ½mW¯nsâ tcJbmWv Cu imk\w.
aäp {][m\ imk\§Ä
Xncphñw imk\§Ä
Icp\´S¡sâ ]mÀ°nhtiJc]pcw imk\w
IïnbqÀ t£{X imk\w
Xncphe§m«p imk\w
cmPm[ncmPsâ I\ymIpamcn imk\w
Iptem¯p¦ tNmfsâ NnZw_cw imk\w
]cm´I]mÞysâ I\ymIpamcn imk\w
DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½sâ Infnam\qÀ imk\w
DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½sâ sImñqÀaTw sNt¸Sv
DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS Xncph«mÀ t£{Ximk\w
DZbamÀ¯mÞhÀ½bpsS InÅnbqÀ t£{Ximk\w
`mkv¡cchnbpsS Xr¡Sn¯m\w imk\w
tImXamÀ¯mÞsâ Xncph\´]pcw imk\w
BZnXyhÀ½kÀÆmwK\mYsâ Xncph¼mSn imk\w
chnhÀ½kw{Kma[ocsâ {iocwK imk\w
hoctIcf hÀ½sâ XncphnXmwtImSv imk\w
chnhÀ½ Nndhmaq¯hcpsS BäqÀ sNt¸Sv
\mWb§Ä 
cmPIob \mWb§fnð cmPmhnsâ t]cpw cq]hpw Imehpw _ncpZhpw {]tXyI NnÓ§fpw Dïmbncn¡pw. _n.kn 40 apXð F.Un 98 hsc tdmamkm{amPyhpambn tIcf¯nsâ _Ôw shfnhm¡s¸Sp¶ \mWb§Ä 1945 ð C¿menð \n¶v In«nbn«pïv. tdma³ ZolmÀ F¶ \mWbs¯ A\pIcn¨v ‘Zo\mcw’ Fs¶mcp \mWbw {]Ncn¨ncp¶Xmbn cmPtiJcsâ hmg¸ffn imk\¯nð ImWp¶p. ‘B\b¨v’ F¶ kzÀW \mWbw tNmf³amcptSXmbn F.Un 1200 ð {]Ncn¨ncp¶p. XncphnXmwIqÀ cmPm¡³amcpsS A\´cmb³, A\´hcmlw (kzÀW \mWb§Ä) F¶nhbpw Ncn{X¯nsâ C¶seIfnte¡v shfn¨w hoip¶p. C´y kzX{´bmIpt¼mÄ XncphnXmwIqdn\v am{Xta kz´ambn \mWbaSn¡m³ AhImiapïmbncp¶pffq.
Kplmt£{X§Ä
aShqÀ ]md, hngnªw F¶nhbmWv Xncph\´]pcs¯ a\pjy\nÀ½nX Kplm t£{X§Ä. henb]md Xpc¶v kaNXpcmIrXnbntem ZoÀLNXpcmIrXnbntem aäv A\ptbmPyamb BIrXnbntem Adbpïm¡n AXn\pffnð hn{Klw sh¨p ]qPn¡p¶ Hcp k{¼Zmbw Z£nW `mcX¯nð ]ïpïmbncp¶p. s\¿män³Ic s]cp¦Shnf Kpl inemKplbv¡v DZmlcWamWv. ]ffn¡ense _p²sâ inemhn{Klw _p²aX¯n\v Xncph\´]pc¯pïmbncp¶ kzm[o\w shfnhm¡p¶p.
Xncph\´]pcs¯ {io]Xva\m`kzman t£{Xw, Xncphñs¯ ]cipcmat£{Xw F¶nh {ZmhnUinev] ssien¡v aIptSmZmlcW§fmWv.
alminembpK kwkvImc¯nsâ AhinjvS§fmb IñdIÄ, IðamS§Ä, Ið¯qWpIÄ, IðthenIÄ, ]eXcw Ifna¬ ]m{X§Ä {Zhn¨ Ccp¼mbp[§Ä, Iðap¯pIÄ apXembh IsïSp¡s¸«n«pïv.
tIm«IÄ
s\¿män³IctIm«, I\ymIpamcnbnse h«t¡m«, X¡e ]ß\m`]pcw tIm« , Xncph\´]pcs¯ tIm«bpsS ]IpXn`mKw, DZbKncntIm« F¶nh ]SpIqä³ ]md¡ñpIfnð \nÀ½n¨hbmWv. ]ß\m`kzman t£{X¯n\v hS¡v amdn Dïmbncp¶ tIm«bpsS tijn¸pIÄ C¶pw \ap¡v A\´]pcnbnð ImWmhp¶XmWv.