hnhcWw >> {]kn²oIcW§Ä
enJnX§fpsS Ncn{Xw
NpcpWIÄ þ aXneIw tcJIÄ
ISemkv {]Nmc¯nð hcp¶Xn\p ap³]v ]\tbme apdn¨v ]pgp§n ]mIs¸Sp¯n aªÄ]pc«n DW¡n AXnð \mcmbw sImsïgpXnbncp¶p. C{]Imcapff Hme¡cW§sf ‘NpcWIÄ’ F¶pw kÀ¡mÀ tcJIsf ‘aXneIw tcJIÄ’ F¶pw hnfn¨ncp¶p. 1863 ð Bbneyw Xncp\mÄ almcmPmhv ISpZmk (ISemkv) \nÀ½n¡p¶Xn\v anÌÀ an«s\ \nban¨p.
lkvXenJnX {KÙime
Xncph\´]pcw lkvXenJnX {KÙime, henb sIm«mcw, {KÙ¸pc, Infnam\qÀ sIm«mcw, Xr¸qWn¯pd þ sImSp§ñqÀ tImhneI§Ä F¶nhnS§fnð Bbnc¯ntesd {KÙ§Ä kq£n¨ncp¶p. tIcf kÀÆIemime cq]saSp¡p¶Xn\v aq¶v ]XnämïpIÄ¡p ap³]mWv lkvXenJnX {KÙime DSseSp¡p¶Xv. kwkvIrX¯nse A]qÀÆ{KÙ§Ä, BcyaRvPp, {ioIev]w, inev]cXv\w, AÀ°imkv{Xw XpS§nb {KÙ§Ä {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«tXmsS lkvXenJnX {KÙime klrZb{i² ]nSn¨p]än. hnimJw Xncp\mfnsâ Imew apXð {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ henbsIm«mcw {KÙ¸pc, kwkvIrXþaebmf `mjIfnse 4000 t¯mfw Aaqey {KÙtiJc§Ä AS§p¶Xmbncp¶p. IyqtdäÀ Hm^okv ]n¶oSv cq]w sImïp. C´ybnse Gähpw henb Xmfntbme {KÙmebw CXmbncp¶p. tIcf kÀÆIemimebpsS Iognð {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ A]qÀÆ {KÙ§fpsS hn]peamb tiJcw DÄs¡mffp¶ Øm]\w Hmdnbâð dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäyq«v Bâv am\qkv{In]väv sse{_dn F¶ t]cnemWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. almIhn DÅqcnsâ t\XrXz¯nð Bcw`n¨ aebmfw Iyqtdädnsâ Hm^okpw, Hmdnbâð dnkÀ¨v C³Ìnäyq«pw 1930 ð kwtbmPn¨v Un¸mÀ«psaâv t^mÀ Zn ]»nt¡j³kv Hm^v Hmdnbâð am\pkv{In]väv F¶ Øm]\w \nehnð h¶p. 1937 ð Cu Øm]\w tIcf kÀÆIemimebpsS \nb{´W¯nembn.
A\´]pcnbnð ISemkv F¯nbIY
Bbneyw Xncp\mÄ almcmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv ISemkv (ISpZmkv) \nehnð h¶Xv. Ifna®pajn¡p¸nbnð aqÀ¨ hcp¯nb IgpIsâ Xqhð ap¡n t]\bmbn D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. ISemknsâ D]tbmKs¯¡pdn¨pff hnfw_cw: “Fs´¶mð Cu kwØm\s¯ kÀ¡mÀ kw_Ôambn Fñm dn¡mÀUpw ISemknð Bt¡ïXns\¸än BtemNn¨p hcp¶Xp sImïv IpSnbm\h³amÀ, kÀ¡mÀ Poh\¡mÀ, lÖqÀ It¨cnbnemIs«, CXc Øm]\§fnemIs« 1049þmwamïv Nn§amkw H¶mw XobXn apXð¡v t_m[n¸n¡p¶ lÀPn apXembh ISemknð FgpXn t_m[n¸n¨psImffpIbpw thWw. 1048þmw amïv CShw 15þmw XobXn hnfw_cw Znhm³ tij¿mimkv{Xn (H¸v)”.
]{Xam[ya§Äv
]{X{]hÀ¯\cwKw þ Ncn{Xw
Xncph\´]pcs¯ ]{X{]hÀ¯\ cwK¯n\p kw`h_lpehpw Hcp \qämïntesd¡mew \ofp¶Xpamb Hcp Ncn{Xapsï¶Xv {it²bamWv. ]{X{]hÀ¯\ cwK¯v \nÀ`bXz¯nsâ {]XoIambn IS¶ph¶ kztZim`nam\n
sI. cmaIrjvW]nff tIcf¯nse hn¹h{]Øm\§fpsS P\bnXmhp IqSnbmbncp¶p. Imdð amÀIvkns\¡pdn¨v BZyw tIcfs¯ Adnbn¨Xpw At±lamWv. kztZim`nam\nbptSbpw tIkcn _meIrjvW]nffbptSbpw IS¶p hchv ]{X{]hÀ¯\ cwK¯v ]pXnsbmcp hgn¯ncnhv krjvSn¨p. ]mÝmXy kmlnXy temI¯v Ønc{]XnjvTcmb kmlnXy\mbI³amsc tIcfob a\Êpambn _Ôn¸n¨p \nÀ¯nbXpw tIkcnbmWv. Xncph\´]pcs¯ ]{X{]hÀ¯\cwKw ka{Kambn hnebncp¯pt¼mÄ BZyambn kvacn¡s¸tSï \maamWv _mcnÌÀ
Pn.]n.]nffbptSXv. ]{X{]hÀ¯\ cwK¯v BtKmf {]ikvXnbmÀ Ön¨ [ockmlknI\mb Fw.inhdmant\bpw ChnsS A\pkvacnt¡ïXpïv. At±l¯nsâ kvacW \ne\nÀ¯p¶XmWv Xncph\´]pcw {]kv¢ºnt\mS\p _Ôn¨pff tPÀWenkw C³Ìnäyq«v. kztZim`nam\nbpsS al¯mb kzmX{´yt_m[hpw {Im´ZÀinXzhpw tIcfs¯ kzm[o\n¡phm³ t]m¶Xmbn cp¶p. cmPhmgvN¡me¯v HcÀ°¯nð kmlnXy¯¼pcm¡³amcpsS ‘InSaÕc¯n\v’ thZnsbmcp¡pI F¶Xp am{Xambncp¶p {][m\ambpw ]{X{]hÀ¯IcpsS [À½w. {_n«ojv N{IhÀ¯ntbbpw almcmPm¡³amtcbpw Ipdn¨pff k¦oÀ¯\§sfgpXphm\pw sIm«mc¯n\pffnse ]ffns¡«nt\bpw {]khthZ\tbbpw, D®n]nd¡ent\bpw IYmJym\Iuiet¯msS Nn{XoIcn¡p¶ XnepamWv A¡mes¯ hmÀ¯mam[ya§Ä ap³Xq¡w Iev]n¨ncp¶Xv. Cu ImeL«¯nemWv \nÀ`bcpw \oXnam³amcpamb _mcnÌÀ Pn.]n.]nffbpw, tIkcnbpw, kztZim`nam\nbpsañmw ]{X{]hÀ¯\cwKt¯¡p IS¶phcp¶Xv. Cu taJebnð ‘A`n{]mbw Ccp¼pe¡bñ’ F¶ ap{ZmhmIyhpambn IS¶ph¶v B[n]Xyapd¸n¨ asämcp GIm´ kmlknI\mWv kn.hn.Ipªpcma³.
BZy{]kn²oIcW§Ä
1914 ð Pn.cma³tat\msâ ]{Xm[n]Xy¯nð A[ym]Iþc£m IÀ¯m¡Ä¡v amÀKZÀi\taIp¶ ‘A²ym]I³’ F¶ {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨p. BÀ. Cuizc]nff, Fw. cmahÀa X¼pcm³, kn. sF. tKm]me]nff, almIhn DffqÀ XpS§nbhÀ A²ym]I\nse Fgp¯pImcmbncp¶p. 1918 ð Xncph\´]pc¯v \n¶pw Ip¶¯v P\mÀ±\³ tamt\m³ BZy ]{Xm[n]cmbn “kaZÀin” hmcnI {]kn²oIcn¨p. hn. \mcmbW]nffbpsS ‘\hiàn’ F¶nhbpw Hcp L«¯nð P\{i² ]nSn¨p]änb {]kn²oIcW§fmbncp¶p. sI.BÀ Ce¦¯nsâ ‘`mcXtIkcn’, ]n.\mcmbW³ \mbcpsS ‘AcptWmZb’, sk¶nsâ ‘tIcf{]`’ F¶nhbpw ChnsS \n¶v {]kn²oIcn¨ncp¶p. 1936 ð ]n.A\´³]nffbpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯nð ‘klrZb’ F¶ {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨p.
1925 ImeL«¯nð doPâv tkXp e£vao_mbnbmWv cmPyw `cn¨ncp¶Xv. A¶s¯ Znhm\mbncp¶ Fw. Cu hmÀ«vkv ]{X§Ä¡p ISnªm¬ CSp¶Xn\v {]kv sdKptej³ sImïph¶p. XncphnXmwIqÀ {]tZis¯ BZy]{Xw 1848 \hw_dnð {]kn²oIcWamcw`n¨ “Úm\\nt£]amWv”. tPm¬ tlmIvkv hÀ¯v F¶ anj\dnbmWv ]{Xm[n]À. kmlnXy¯n\p {]m[m\yw \ðIp¶ amknI F¶ \nebv¡p 1881 ð “hnZyhnemkn\n” {]IminXambXv”. hnimJw Xncp\mÄ, tIcfhÀa henb tImbn¯¼pcm³, kÀÆm[nImcy¡mÀ ]n.tKmhnµ¸nff F¶nhcmbncp¶p hnZymhnemkn\nbpsS AWnbd inev]nIÄ. tIcfhÀ½ henb tImbn¯¼pcmsâ ‘imIp´fw ]cn`mj’ JÞÈ {]kn²oIcn¨Xv hnZymhnemkn\nbmWv. aebmf ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯n\v GXmïv H¶c iXm_vZ¡mes¯ ]g¡apïv. tUm. slÀ½³ KpïÀ«nsâ “cmPykamNmc”amWv aebmf¯nse BZy]{Xsa¶ A`n{]mb ¡mcpaqïv. aX{]NmcWw e£yam¡nb cmPykamNmcw 1847 ð XetÈcn¡Sp¯v Cñn¡p¶nse {]Ênð \n¶pamWv {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. CtX¯pSÀ¶v ‘]ÝntamZbw’ F¶ amknIbpw KpïÀ«v Bcw`n¨p. 1881 ð Bcw`n¨ ‘tIcfan{X’amWv aebmf¯nse BZys¯ hÀ¯am\¸{Xw. 1886 ð Bcw`n¨ ‘aebmfn’ Zn\¸{X¯nsâ BZy ]{Xm[n]À t]«bnð cma³]nff Bimcnbmbncp¶p. Xn¡pdnÈn kpIpamc³ \mbcpsS ‘icntbm sXtäm’, ]dhqÀ \mcmbW³ \mbcpsS ‘hnIS³’, DffqÀ IrjvW³ \mbcpsS ‘hnIS tIkcn’, ae_mÀ sI.ZmtamZc³, kn.D®ncmPm, ]h\³ F¶nhcpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯nð ‘\hbpKhpw’ Gsd¡mew A\´]pcnbnð {]Nmc¯nencp¶p. ]n.kpº¿]nffbpsS ‘Nncn hoïpw Nncn’ lmkyamknI F¶ \nebnð {i²n¡s¸«ncp¶p.
\Kc¯nse ]{X§Ä
tIcfIuapZn
amXr`qan
aebmf at\mca
tZim`nam\n
Zo]nI
Pò`qan
ktX¬ÌmÀ
C´y³ FIvkv{]kv
Zn lnµp
am[yaw
tIcfIuapZn
kmaqlnI]cnjv¡À¯mhpw {KÙImc\pw kzmX{´ykac tk\m\n bpamb kn.hn.Ipªpcma³ 1918 ð a¿\m«p \n¶pw hmcnIbmbn Bcw`n¨XmWv tIcfIuapZn. 1940 ð Zn\]{Xamb tIcfIuaqZnbpsS amt\PnwKv FUnäÀ sI. kpIpamc³ Bbncp¶p. Cugh kapZmb¯nsâ kmaqlnI km¼¯nI hnZym`ymk ]ptcmKXn¡v {]hÀ¯n¨ kn.hn.Ipªpcma³ tZiob {]Øm\¯nepw kPohambn t\XrXzw sImSp¯p. C.sI. \mb\mÀ kzmX{´ykachpambn _Ôs¸«v
Hfnhnð Ignª Ime¯v Ipd¨p\mÄ tIcfIuapZnbnð {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p. Fw.Fkv.aWnbmWv tIcf IuapZnsb ]ptcmKXnbpsS taJebnte¡p \bn¡pIbpw, ]pXnb ]Xn¸pIÄ Bcw`n¡pIbpw, \nch[n ]pXnb {]kn²oIcW§Ä¡v XpS¡w Ipdn¡pIbpw sNbvXXv. IemIuapZn, hna³kv amKkn³, ^nenw amKkn³, IYmamKkn³ XpS§nbhbmWv aäp {]kn²oIcW§Ä. tIcfIuapZnbpsS Hm^okv t]«bnepw IemIuapZnbpsS Hm^okv I®½qebnepw {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶p.
amXr`qan
tImgnt¡m«p \n¶pw 1923 ð amXr`qanbpsS BZys¯ ]Xn¸v ]pd¯p h¶p. Hcp ss{X hmcnIbmbn«mWv amXr`qan {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨Xv.
sI.]n. tIihtat\m³ Bbncp¶p BZys¯ ]{Xm[n]À. Znhmsâ tkzÑm `cWs¯ hnaÀin¨Xn\v ‘amXr`qan’ XncphnXmwIqdnð IS¯p¶Xn\v Znhm³
kÀ kn.]n.cmakzman A¿À \ntcm[\w GÀs¸Sp¯n. 1962 ð amXr`qan sIm¨n FUnj³ Bcw`n¨p. Htc kabw cïv FUnj³ F¶ JymXnbpw tdm«dn {]Ênð BZyw A¨Sn¨ ]{Xw F¶ _lpaXnbpw amXr`qan AÀln¡p¶p. 1930 emWv amXr`qan Zn\]{XambXv. Krle£van, Nn{X`qan, kvt]mÀSvkv amknI, hnZymcwKw, kIvkkv sse³ (Cw¥ojv), sXmgnð hmÀ¯ F¶nhbmWv aäp {]kn²oIcW§Ä. s]mXpP\§fpsS Hmlcn ]¦mfn¯t¯msS ]»n¡v enanäUv I¼\nbmbmWv amXr`pan {]nânwKv Bâv ]»njnwKv I¼\n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.
aebmf at\mca
Iï¯nð hÀ¤okv am¸nfbpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯nð 1890 ð tIm«b¯p \n¶v Hcp hmcnIbmbn«mWv aebmf at\mca {]kn²oIrXambXv. 1928 ð at\mca Zn\]{Xambn amdn. kÀ kn ]n bpsS tkzÑm[n]Xy¯ns\Xnsc {]kn²oIcn¨Xn\v kn ]n at\mca Iïp sI«pIbpw ]{Xm[n]sc XS¦enð B¡pIbpw sNbvXp. aebmf at\mca Xncph\´]pc¯nsâ BØm\w X¼m\qÀ AcntÌm PwKvj\Sp¯mWv. `mjm t]mjnWn, Zn ho¡v, _meca, h\nX, IÀjI {io F¶nhbmWv aäp {]kn²oIcW§Ä.
tZim`nam\n
tIcf¯nse Pòn¯¯n\pw NqjW¯n\pw FXnsc kss[cyw {]hÀ¯n¨ ]mc¼cyapÅ tZim`nam\n tImgnt¡mSv \n¶mWv {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨Xv. C Fw FÊpw, C sI \mb\mcpw, hn Fkv ANypXm\µ\pw,hn än CµpNqU\pw, ]n tKmhnµ]nffbpw apJy]{Xm[n]À F¶ \nebnð {]hÀ¯n¨n«pïv. ASnb´ncmhØ¡me¯v Ht«sd {]XnkÔnIÄ AXnPohn¨ tZim`nam\nbpsS Xncph\´]pcw ]Xn¸v X¼m\qcnð \n¶mWv Bcw`n¨Xv. tZim`nam\n hmcnI IemþkmlnXyþkmwkvImcnI {]kn²oIcWsa¶ \nebnð DbÀ¶ \nehmcw ]peÀ¯p¶p.
Zo]nI
kmbmÓ§fnð ]pd¯nd§p¶ ‘cmjv{SZo]nI’ Zn\]{Xw Xncph\´]pc¯v \n¶v {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨Xv 1995 G{]nð 21 \v BWv. cmjv{SZo]nIbpsS slUv Hm^okpffXv tIm«b¯mWv. Xncph\´]pcw IqSmsX sImñw, tIm«bw, FdWmIpfw, XriqÀ, tImgnt¡mSv, I®qÀ F¶nhnS§fnð \n¶p IqSn {]kn²oIcn¡p¶ Gähpw henb kmbmÓ Zn\]{XamWv cmjv{SZo]nI. 1887 ð \{kmWn PmssXyIy kwL¯nsâ t\XrXz¯nð ‘\{kmWn Zo]nI’ F¶ t]cnð tIm«b¯p \n¶pw {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨p. 1927 ð Zo]nI F¶ t]À kzoIcn¨p. Hcp \qämïp Imet¯mfw kn. Fw. sF (It¯men¡ k\ymkkaqlw) Bbncp¶p Zo]nIbpsS \S¯n¸pImÀ. 1989 ð cmjv{S Zo]nI F¶ t]cnð ]»nIv enanäUv I¼\n Zo]nIbpsS `cWw GsäSp¯p. Ip«nIfpsS Zo]nI, IÀjI³, cmjv{SZo]nI BgvN]Xn¸v, cmjv{SZo]nI, kn\na, kv{Xo[\w, _nkn\kv Zo]nI CâÀ\mjWð F¶nhbmWv aäp {]kn²oIcW§Ä.
P³a`qan
tIcf¯nse kmaqlnI cmjv{Sob cwK§fnð kz´w km¶n²yw kPohambn Xs¶ \ne\nÀ¯p¶ Hcp Zn\]{XamWv P³a`qan. ASnb´ncmhØbpsS \mfpIfnð Ipd¨v ]nt¶m¡w t]mtIïn hs¶¦nepw ASnb´ncmhØbv¡p tijw P³a`qan hfÀ¨ ssIhcn¡pIbpw C¶v hmb\¡mcpsS CSbnð kmam\yw {]Nmcw t\SnsbSp¡pIbpw sNbvXn«pïv.
ktX¬ÌmÀ
1974 emWv “ktX¬ÌmÀ” ssX¡mSv cmtP{µsâ ]{Xm[n]Xy¯nð {]kn²oIcWamcw`n¨Xv. \nch[n ]{X{]hÀ¯IcpsS BZyIfcn F¶ \nebnepw “ktX¬ÌmÀ” {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶p. 1982 ð ‘tIcfsldmÄUv’ F¶ t]cnð Hcp Cw¥ojv Zn\]{Xhpw {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨p. BdphÀj¡mew apS§msX {]kn²oIcn¨psh¦nepw 1988 ð {]hÀ¯\w \ne¨p. 2 ]Xnämïntesd¡meambn ktX¬ÌmÀ apS§msX {]kn²oIcn¨v t]mcp¶p.
C´y³ FIvkv{]Êv
{]KXv`hyhkmbnbpw ]{Xm[n]cpambncp¶ cma\mYv tKmb¦bmWv C´y³ FIvkv{]Êv ]{XirwJebpsS Øm]I³. A[nImcnhÀ¤s¯ shñphnfn¡pI At±l¯nsâ kz`mhambncp¶p. Hcp Zim_vZw ap³]v sIm¨nbnð \n¶pw C´y³ FIvkv{]Êv {]kn²oIcn¨v XpS§n. Xncph\´]pcw ]Xn¸v 1995 HIvtSm_À 7þmw XobXn ]pd¯nd§n. tKmb¦ acn¨tXmsS Øm]\w 2 Bbn `mKw hbv¡s¸«p. sX¡³taJebv¡pw, hS¡³taJebv¡pw shtÆsd amt\PvsaâpI fmWnt¸mÄ.
Zn lnµp
Cw¥ojv Zn\]{X§fnð Xncph\´]pc¯v \n¶v ]pXnb ]Xn¸v Bcw`n¨ BZy]{Xw “Zn lnµp”hmWv. 1995 amÀ¨v 27 apXð hff¡Shnse kz´w {]Ênð \n¶pw lnµphnsâ Xncph\´]pcw ]Xn¸v {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨p. tIcf¯nse BZys¯ FUnj\pw CXmWv. AciXm_vZ¯ntesd¡meambn lnµphnsâ Xncph\´]pcw _yqtdm {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. sI Fw X¼n, tdmbv amXyp, Fkv cwKaWn F¶nhcpÄs¸Sp¶ {]apJcmb \nch[n t]À lnµphnð {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. A´ÀtZiob \nehmcapff Zn lnµphn\v BgvNbnð Hmtcm Znhkhpw Hmtcm hnjbs¯¸än k¹nsaâpïv. a{Zmknse IkvXqcn IpSpw_¡mcmWv Zn lnµphnsâ DSaØÀ.
am[yaw
]nt¶m¡ \yq\]£ ZpÀ_e hn`mK§fpsS AhImi kac§Ä¡p ap³Xq¡w \ðIp¶ am[yaw Zn\]{Xw 1987 Pq¬ 1 \v tImgnt¡mSv \n¶v {]kn²oIcWw Bcw`n¨p. cïmas¯ FUnj³ sIm¨nbnð \n¶v 1993 Pqssebnð XqS¡w Ipdn¨p. 1996 G{]nð 15 apXð Xncph\´]pc¯v \n¶v aq¶mas¯ FUnj³ Bcw`n¨p. CXc {]kn²oIcW§fnð \n¶pw hyXykvXX ]peÀ¯p¶ am[yaw BtcmKyIc§fmb Fñm Bib§fptSbpw ap¶nð IhmS§Ä Xpd¶psImïmWv AXnsâ {]bmWw XpScp¶Xv. am[ya¯nsâ Øm]I³ ]n sI _meIrjvW\mbncp¶p.
{]Êv
{]Êv ¢ºv
{]kv C³^Àtaj³ _yqtdm
tPÀWenkw C³Ìnäyq«v
{]Êv ¢ºv
1967þ emWv {]Êv ¢ºv Øm]nXambXv. sk{I«dntbän\p ]n¶nð {]Êv tdmUnemWv {]Êv ¢ºv ØnXn sN¿p¶Xv. GsX¦nepw am[ya¯nð 2 hÀjw {]hÀ¯n¨ hyàn¡p am{Xta {]Êv¢ºv AwKXzw e`n¡pIbpffp. ]{X{]hÀ¯\ cwK¯pffhcpsS t£aw Dd¸phcp¯p¶ {]hÀ¯\§Ä, {]apJ hyànIfpambpff A`napJw (aoäv Z {]kv) hmÀ¯m kt½f\w ({]kv aoäv) XpS§nbhbmWv {][m\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä.
{]Êv ¢ºv \ðIp¶ AhmÀUpIÄ :
Fw. inhdma³ AhmÀUv
sI.kn.sk_mÌy³ AhmÀUv
sI. am[h³Ip«n AhmÀUv
kztZim`nam\n AhmÀUv
\yqkv t^mt«m{Km^n AhmÀUv
an\Àh IrjvW³Ip«n AhmÀUv
ImÀ«q¬ AhmÀUv
F³.IrjvWaqÀ¯n AhmÀUv
\mjWð AhmÀUv t^mÀ C³lukv amKkn³
Pn.thWptKm]mð AhmÀUv
Ct¸mgs¯ {]kv¢ºv `mchmlnIÄ:þ
{]knUâvþ sI.{ioIWvT³
sk{I«dnþ _n.{]k¶³
{]Êv¢ºnse lmfpIÄ:þ
t^mÀ¯v FtÌäv lmÄ (CXmWv {][m\s¸« lmÄ)
{]Êv tIm¬^d³kv lmÄ
]n.kn.kn.F³. lmÄ (]n.kn kpIpamc³ \mbÀ lmÄ)
tSm]v lmÄ
CXp IqSmsX ]n.BÀ.Un {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xpw {]Êv¢ºv sI«nS¯nemWv.
{]Êv C³^Àtaj³ _yqtdm
tI{µ Kh¬saânsâ hmÀ¯mhnXcW {]t£]W a{´meb¯nsâ \nb{´W¯n³ Iognepff {]kv C³^Àtaj³ _yqtdmbpsS kwØm\LSIw Xncph\´]pc¯v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. kÀ¡mcnsâ \b]cn]mSnIÄ, {]hÀ¯\§Ä, t\«§Ä Chsb¡pdn¨v ]{Xam[ya§Ä hgn P\§fnð hnhc§Ä F¯n¨p sImSp¡pI F¶XmWv ]n sF _n bpsS apJy[À½w. BImihmWn, ZqcZÀi³ XpS§n CXckÀ¡mÀ am[ya§fpambn GtIm]n¨v {]hÀ¯n¡mdpïv. 1968 ð Xncph\´]pc¯v {]kv C³^Àtaj³ _yqtdm {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¨p. {]mcw` L«¯nð ^oðUv ]»nknän hn`mK¯nsâ doPnbWð Hm^okÀ Xs¶bmWv ]n sF _nbptSbpw NpaXe hln¨ncp¶Xv. sI Fkv cmaaqÀ¯n, Fw F Ipcphnf F¶nhcpw C³^Àtaj³ Hm^okÀamcmbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv tdmkvt¡m«v IrjvW]nff, tZhZmkv hmcyÀ, F³ tIih³\mbÀ F¶nhÀ sU]yq«n {]n³kn¸ð C³^Àtaj³ Hm^okd³amcmbn tkh\a\pjvTn¨ncp¶p.
tPÀWenkw C³Ìnäyq«v
{]Êv ¢ºnsâ Iognð {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v tPÀWenkw 1968þ1969 ImeL«¯nemWv Øm]n¨Xv. C³Ìnäyq«nsâ Øm]I UbdIvSÀ Fw. inhdma\mbncp¶p. C³Ìnäyq«ntâXmbn«v Hcp FUnäv kyq«qapïv. C³Ìnäyq«nsâ `mKambn Hcp sse{_dnbpapïv. C³t^mÀtaj³ dnkÀ¨v skâÀ F¶mWv CXdnbs¸Sp¶Xv.
C³Ìnäyq«v \S¯p¶ tImgvkpIÄ:þ
Unt¹ma C³ tPÀWenkw þ Hcp hÀjw
Unt¹ma C³ CeIvt{SmWnIv tPÀWenkw þ Hcp hÀjw
knänsk³ tPÀWenkw þ 6 amkw
C³Ìnäyq«v aptJ\ \ðIp¶ AhmÀUpIÄ:þ
at\mca AhmÀUv
amXy`qan AhmÀUv
tIcf IuapZn AhmÀUv
F.sI. `mkvIÀ AhmÀUv
sI.kn tPm¬ sat½mdnbð AhmÀUv
\nehnepff hnZymÀ°nIÄ:þ
tamWnwKv _m¨v þ 35
Cuh\nwKv _m¨v þ 33
CeIvt{SmWnIv tPÀWenkw þ 22
knänsk³ tPÀWenkw þ 14
B\pImenI§Ä þ {]km[IÀ
]pkvXI imeIfpw {]km[Icpw
amknIIÄ, hmcnIIÄ
]pkvXIimeIfpw {]km[Icpw
]pkvXI{]km[\cwKw
_p¡v lukv
]pkvXI{]km[\cwKw
Fgp¯pImcpw {]km[Icpw hmb\¡mcpw tNÀ¶ Hcp {XnthWn kwKasa¶v A\´]pcnsb hntijn¸n¡mw. hnizkmlnXy\mbIcpsS thZnbnte¡v IS¶p sNñm\ÀlXbpff {]Xn`m[\³amÀ¡v Pòacpfnb \mSp IqSnbmWnXv. ]pkvXI{]km[\ cwK¯pw BZyImew apXðt¡ Ht«sd IjvS\jvS§Ä kln¨msW¦nepw cwK¯ph¶ \nch[n t]cpïv. \Kc¯nse¼mSpambn {]hÀ¯n¨p t]mcp¶ \nch[n ]pkvXIimeIÄ hmb\m`ncpNnbpff klrZbcpsS hen¸s¯ bmWv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. kmlnXy{]hÀ¯I klIcW kwL¯nsâ _p¡vÌmfpw (F³ _n Fkv) ]pkvXI {]km[\ cwK¯v Hcp Po\nbkv F¶p hntijn¸n¡mhp¶ kmlnXyImc\pw kzmX{´ykactk\m\nbpamb Un kn Ingt¡apdn bpsS \nb{´W¯nepff Idâv _pIvkpw sk{It«dntbänsâ kao]¯mbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p.
hntZi {]kn²oIcW§Ä DÄs¸sS Cw¥ojv ]pkvXI§Ä am{Xw ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ cïp ]pkvXIimeIfmWv tamtU¬ _pIvkpw, ss] B³Uv I¼\n _p¡v Ìmfpw . BZyt¯Xv ]pfnaq«nepw cïmat¯Xv BbpÀthZ tImtfPn\p kao]hpw {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. ChbpsS hnimeamb tjmdqapIfnð temI¯nsâ GXptImWnepw \n¶pw {]kn²oIcn¡p¶ anI¨ Cw¥ojv {]kn²oIcW§Ä e`yamWv. kao]¯pff kzman _pIvkpw ]g¡tadnb `mkv¡c³ \mbcpsS _p¡v Ìmfpw {]kn²amWv. Chbnð cïnepw {][m\ambpw e`yamhpI ]{XamknIIfmWv. hnZym`ymk kw_Ônbmb anI¨ ]pkvXI§Ä e`n¡p¶ Hcp ]pkvXIimebmWv ]pfnaq«nse A¡mZanIv _p¡v lukv. Cu KW¯nðs¸Sp¶hbmb ]gh§mSnbnse hn\mbI _p¡v Ìmfpw PbN{µ _p¡v Unt¸mbpw anI¨ Øm]\§fmWv. ]pfnaq«nse tZim`nam\n _pIvkv ÌmÄ \nehmcapff asämcp ]pkvXIimebs{X. C³Uym _p¡v lukv, amIvanñ³ Bâv I¼\n ln¤n³ t_mYwkv Chbv¡v knänbnð ]pkvXIimeIfpïv. aät\Iw hnhn[Xcw ]pkvXI imeIÄ XeØm\ \Kcn¡v kmwkv¡mcnI tim`tbIp¶hbmWv. \Kc¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fnembn Ch {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. ]pkvXI {]km[\ cwK¯v ]co£WIpXpInIfmbn cwK{]thiw sN¿p¶hcpw F®¯ntesdbpïv. AhcpsS \mbI ]Zhn {]`mXv {]nânwKv Bâv ]»njnwKv ss{]häv enanäUv AÀln¡p¶p. Cu cwK¯v tImïns\âð _pIvkv DsaIÄ hln¡p¶ ]¦pw hnes¸«XmWv. anI¨ kw`mh\IÄ Cu taJebneÀ¸n¨ncp¶ tZi_Ôp {]km[IcpsS {]hÀ¯\w \ne¨pt]msb¦nepw AhÀ \ðInb kw`mh\IÄ hnes¸«XmWv. XeØm\ \Kcnbnse an¡hmdpw ISIÄ B\pImenI {]kn²oIcW§fpw ]pkvXI§fpw hnev]\ \S¯nt¸mcp¶p. Ignª Hcp ]Xnämïn\p tijapïmb Hcp {]tXyIXbmWnXv. {]`qkv, Fkv sI, PbN{µ, lnµn _pIv ÌmÄ, ZÀi\ F¶nhbpw cmPhoYnbv¡cnInembn \nesImffp¶ \nehmcw ]peÀ¯nt¸mcp¶ ]pkvXIimeIfmWv. {]`mXv _p¡v luknsâ tI{µ Hm^okpw {]kn²oIcWimebpw Xncph\´]pc¯v h©nbqcnemWv.
amXr`qan Zn\]{X¯nsâ DSaØXbnepff _p¡v Ìmfn\pw Ip¶wIpfw BØm\ambpff F¨v. Bâv. kn tÌmgvkn\pw Xncph\´]pc¯v imJIfpïv. ‘tZim`nam\nbpsS’ bpsS Xncph\´]pcw ]Xn¸v A¨Sn¡p¶ Øm]\amb
]n IrjvW]nff sat½mdnbð {]nânwKv ]»njnwKv ss{]häv enanäUpw XeØm\s¯ {]apJ {]km[IcpsS KW¯nð DÄs¸Sp¶p. \nehmcapff _p¡pIÄ {]km[\w sNbvXncp¶ \hcm{Xn ]»njnwKv luknsâ BØm\hpw Xncph\´]pc¯mWv. ssIcfn _pIvkv CâÀ\mjWð {][m\ambpw Cw¥ojv ]pkvXI§fpsS hnev]\bnð apgpInbncn¡p¶ Øm]\amWv. _me³ {]kn²oIcWhpw hnizhnÚm\ tImihpw ssIcfnsb [\yam¡p¶Xnð apJy]¦v hln¨ncp¶p. GPpâpamcneqtSbpw C³ÌmÄsaâv hyhØbnepw hnizhnÚm\ tImiw, \nLïp¡Ä F¶nhbv¡v {]maqJyw \ðIp¶ {]km[Icpw C¶v A\h[nbpïv.
tIcf kÀÆIemime, `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, kmwkv¡mcnI {]kn²oIcW hIp¸v, DffqÀ ]»njnwKv, _me kmlnXy C³Ìnäyq«v, kÀÆ hnÚm\ tImiw C³Ìnäyq«v XpS§nb Øm]\§fpsS hIbmbpw \nehmcapff {]kn²oIcW§fpw ]pkvXI§fpw {]km[\w sNbvXp hcp¶p. tI{µ kÀ¡mcnsâ {]kn²oIcW hn`mKw ]pkvXIimebpw {]Êv tdmUnð {]hÀ¯n¡p¶p.
]pkvXI tafIÄ kwLSn¸n¨p ]pkvXI¨´ \S¯nbpw ]pkvXI hym]mc cwK¯v Hcp \thm³tajw {]Zm\w sN¿p¶Xnð {]apJ {]km[IÀ ASp¯ Ime¯mbn kPoh XmXv]cyw ]peÀ¯nt¸mcp¶pïv. ]gb ]pkvXI§fpw B\pImenI§fpw hoYn¡cnInð \nc¯n hnð¸\ \S¯p¶ hn`mK¡mcpw ASp¯Ime¯mbn F®¯ntesdbpïv. Ingt¡tIm«bnse KmÔn]mÀ¡n\p kao]amWv ChcpsS tI{µw. ]mfb¯pw sk{It«dnbän\p kao]¯pw C¯cw hnð¸\ tI{µ§fpïv. \qdpIW¡n\mfpIfpsS {i² BIÀjn¡p¶pïv ChnSsañmw. sdbnðth tÌj\pw {Sm³kvt]mÀ«v _kv Ìm³UpIfpw F®¯ntesd _p¡v ÌmfpIfpsS tI{µ Øm\sa¶ \nebnð {]hÀ¯n¨p t]mcp¶p.
_p¡v lukv
A¡mZanIv _p¡v lukv, ]pfnaqSv |
2333349 |
kpIpamÀ _p¡v ÌmÄ HmhÀ {_nUnPv |
2330500 |
`mcXv _pIvkv Fwt]mdnbw BbpÀthZ tImtfPv |
2339586 |
tImïns\âð _p¡vkv, Fw Pn tdmUv |
2461426 |
ln¤n³ t_mYwkv (ss{]häv enanäUv) Fw Pn tdmUv |
2331622 |
{]`mXv _p¡v lukv, ]pfnaqSv |
2325518 |
ss] B³Uv tImþBbpÀthZ tImtfPv |
2330116 |
tamtU¬ _p¡vkv skâÀ KmÔmcnb½³ tImhnð tdmUv |
2331826 |
Idâv _p¡v ÌmNyq |
2477693 |
Un kn _pIvkv ÌmNyp |
2453379 |
\mjWð _p¡v ÌmÄ |
2478881 |
tZim`nam\n _p¡vlukv |
2330426 |
Nn´ ]_vfntjgvkv |
2330426 |
amknIIÄ, hmcnIIÄ
kÀ¡mÀ {]kn²oIcW§Ä
kÀ¡mÀ {]kn²oIcW§Ä
kwØm\ kÀ¡mÀ {]kn²oIcW§Ä |
{]kn²oIcn¡p¶ hn`mKw |
P\]Yw (aebmfw) |
C³t^mÀtaj³ ]»nIv dntej³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv |
tIcf tImfnMv (Cw¥ojv ) |
|
tIcf CâÀt^kv (Cw¥ojv) |
|
hnIk\ ka\zbw (aebmfw) |
|
sXmgnð cwKw |
te_À Un¸mÀ«psaâv |
tIcf IÀjI³ |
A{KnIĨdð Un¸mÀ«vsaâv |
]©mb¯v cmPv |
]©mb¯v cmPv |
{Kma`qan |
dqdð Uhe¸vsaâv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv |
hnÚm\ ssIcfn |
tIcf emwtKzPv C³Ìnäq«v |
klIcW hoYn |
tIm Hm¸tdäohv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv |
]ShpIÄ |
sjUyqÄUv ImÌv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv |
hnZymcwKw |
hnZym`ymk Un¸mÀ«vsaâv |
hyhkmb tIcfw |
hyhkmb hIp¸v |
]n.Fkv.kn _pffän³ |
sI.]n.Fkv.kn |
BcWyw |
h\w hIp¸v |
sk³{Sð Kh¬saâv {]kn²oIcW§Ä |
|
tbmP\ |
]»nt¡j³ Unhnj³ |
ssk\nIv kamNmÀ |
{]Xntcm[a{´mebw |
dºÀ |
dºÀ t_mÀUv |
IbÀ |
IbÀ t_mÀUv |
kvss]kkv C´y |
kvss]kkv t_mÀUv |
kÀ¡mÀ {]kn²oIcWØm]\§Ä
Kh¬saâv {]Êv
kmwkvImcnI {]kn²oIcW hIp¸v
`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v
kwØm\ _mekmlnXy C³Ìnäyq«v
Kh¬saâv {]Êv
kzmXn Xncp\mÄ almcmPmhnsâ Ime¯v hm\\nco£W§fpsS hnhc§Ä {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xn\v Hcp {]Êv {]hÀ¯\w Bcw`n¨p. hm\\nco£W \neb¯nse BZys¯ ta[mhnbmbncp¶ ImÄUnt¡m«v Hcp Iñ¨v Gsd¡mew D]tbmKn¨ncp¶p. ]nð¡me¯v Cw¥ïnse Hcp {]Ênð \n¶pw Xncph\´]pcs¯ BZys¯ HutZymKnI {]kn²oIcWamb Cw¥ojv þ aebmfw IeïÀ {]kn²oIcn¨p. sImñhÀjw 1015 emWv BZys¯ Cw¥ojv þ aebmfw IeïÀ {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. ]nð¡mes¯ Kh¬saâvv {]Ênsâ DÛhw ChnsS \n¶mWv.
kmwkvImcnI {]kn²oIcW hIp¸v
kmwkvImcnI aqeyapff {KÙ§Ä, a¬adª almòmcpsS PohnX {KÙ§Ä, hymJym\w klnXapff ¢mkn¡ðIrXnIÄ, aäp alm{KÙ§Ä F¶nh {]kn²oIcn¡phm³ thïn 1983 Pq¬ amk¯nð kmwkv¡mcnI {]kn²oIcW hIp¸v {]hÀ¯\w Bcw`n¨p.
`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v
1964 ð `mcX kÀ¡mÀ \nban¨ tIm¯mcn I½oj³, cmPy¯pff Fñm kwØm\§fnepw hnZym`ymk¯n\pff A[yb\ am[yaw AXmXv {]mtZinI `mjbnembncn¡Ww F¶v ip]mÀi sNbvXp. 1968 ð hnZym`ymk¯n\pff A[yb\ am[yaw kÀÆIemimeIÄ¡pw {]mtZinI `mjbmbncn¡Wsa¶p Xocpam\n¨p. AXn³{]Imcw {]mtZinI `mjbnð ]mT]pkvXI§Ä A¨Snt¡ïn h¶t¸mÄ Cw¥ojnð ssIImcyw sNbvXp h¶ncp¶ imkv{X kmt¦XnI ]ZmhenIÄ¡v kam\ambn {]mtZinI `mjIfnð ]pXnb ]Zmhen Isï¯pI {]bmkambn. CXp ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\v tI{µ¯nð Hcp `mcXob `mjm Øm]\hpw kwØm\§fnð tÌäv emwtKzPv C³Ìnäyq«pIfpw Øm]n¡p¶Xn\v Xocpam\apïmbn. 1968 sk]vXw_À 1 \v tIcf `mjm C³Ìnäyq«v Xncph\´]pc¯v ssX¡mSv t]meokv s{Sbn\nwKv tImtfPn\Sp¯pff sNdnb sI«nS¯nð {]hÀ¯\amcw`n¨p. sshÚm\nI {KÙ§Ä, i_vZmhenIÄ F¶nh DÄs¸Sp¶ Ht«sd {]kn²oIcW§Ä `mjm C³Ìnäyq«ntâXmbn«pïv. kmwkvImcnI tIcfw F¶ Hcp ss{XamknI {]kn²oIcn¨p hcp¶p. {]kn²oIcW§fpsS hnð]\bv¡mbn Ingt¡tIm«bnð Hcp hnð]\ ime {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶p. tIcf _p¡v amÀ¡änwKv skmsskänbpw IqsS CXnt\mS\p_Ôn¨v cq]oIcn¨p.
kwØm\ _mekmlnXy C³kvänäyq«v
tIcf¯nse Ip«nIfpsS `uXnIhpw am\knIhpamb hnIk\w e£yw h¨p sImïv 1981 sabv 27 \p kwØm\ _mekmlnXy C³Ìnäyq«v Øm]nXambn. C³Ìnäyq«nsâ BZy]pkvXIamb “\¼yqcy¨\pw a{´hpw” 1981 \hw_À 14 \v {]Imi\w sNbvXp. _mekmlnXy skan\mdpIÄ, inev]imeIÄ, kmlnXyskan\mdpIÄ, kmlntXymÕh§Ä, hnhÀ¯\in_nc§Ä, _mekmlnXyZn\§Ä F¶nh BNcn¡p¶p. Xfncv F¶ _meamknI C³Ìnäyq«ntâXmWv.