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BXpctkh\ Ncn{Xw
dmWn  e£van`mbnbpsS `cWIme¯mWv sIm.h. 986þð (1811) ]mÝmXy sshZyk{¼Zmb¯n\v XncphnXmwIqdnð XpS¡w Ipdn¨Xv. akqcn tcmKw ]SÀ¶p hym]n¨t¸mÄ AXv \nhmcWw sN¿p¶Xn\v 988þð tIWð a¬tdmbpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw tUm.t{]mhsâ t\XrXz¯nð tKmhkqcn {]tbmK¯n\pÅ Hcp hIp¸n\v cq]w sImSp¯p. 994þð t{]mhs\ sIm«mcw tUmIvSdmbn \nban¨p. CtXmsSbmWv ]mÝmXy sshZyk{¼Zmb¯n\v ChnsS {]mcw`w Ipdn¨Xv. 1867þð XncphnXmwIqdnð tKmhkqcn {]tbmKw sNbnXn«pÅhcpS F®w 15451 BWv. sImñ¯mbncp¶p t{]mh³ BZyw tkh\a\pjvTn¨ncp¶Xv. ]XnämïpIÄ ]n¶n«n«pw ]mÝmXy sshZy k{¼Zmbw sa¨s¸« ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn¨nñ. Xncph\´]pc¯v `njKzcsâ Bhiyw ]cnKWn¨v Pbnwkv tdmkv F¶bmsf ssX¡mSv [À½mip]{Xnbnse tUmIvSdmbpw XShp]pÅnIsf NnInÕn¡p¶Xn\mbpw \ntbmKn¨p. sIm«mc¯nepw \mbÀ ]«mfIym¼nepambn sIm. h. 994þð cïp sNdnb Unkvs]³kdnIÄ Øm]n¨ncp¶p. sIm.h. 1012þð kzmXnXncp\mÄ ssX¡mSv InS¡ItfmSpIqSnb [À½mip]{Xn¡v cq]w sImSp¯p. D{Xw Xncp\mfnsâ Ime¯v (1846þ60) tIm«bv¡I¯v Hcp Unkvs]³kdn Øm]n¨p. GXmïv Ht¶Imð \qämïv Imew ap³]v t]meokv tÌj\pIÄ ]m¼pISntbä tcmKnIfpsS NnInÕm tI{µw IqSnbmbncp¶p. \n_nUh\{]tZiambncp¶ XncphnXmwIqÀ `mKw F®aä CgP´p¡fpsS BhmktI{µw IqSnbmbncp¶p. hnj_m[ Gð¡p¶hcpsS F®w kÀ¡mcns\ AkzØam¡n. AXpsImïmWv hnj_m[tbähÀ¡v {]Yaip{iqj \ðIm³ t]meokv tÌj\pIsf \ntbmKn¨psImïv kÀ¡mÀ D¯chv ]pds¸Sphn¨Xv. t]meokv tÌj\pIfnse NnInÕmcoXn IuXpIw P\n¸n¡p¶XmWv. ]m¼pISntbä `mK¯p\n¶pw cà{]hmlw CXc`mK§fnte¡v {]thin¡msX _eambn sI«pw. ]n¶oSv I¯n sImïv Imen©v Bg¯nð ISntbä`mKw apdn¡pItbm, ISn¨ `mKw Hcp hncensâ \JhnkvXmc¯nð apdns¨Sp¡pItbm sNbvXv càsamgp¡nbXn\p tijw apdnhnsâ ASn`mK¯v Ccpt¼m, Ið¡cntbm, shSnbp¸pImctam h¨v NqSm¡pIbpw sN¿pw. {]mbm[nIyw h¶hcmsW¦nð ]t¯m ]Xn\t©m an\näpIÄ¡Iw Hcp Hu¬kv shůnð {_mân, dw, hnkvIn CXntesX¦nepw sImSp¡pIbpw sN¿pw. D{Xw Xncp\mfnsâ Ime¯v Cw¥ojv NnInÕm k{¼Zmbw Hs«ms¡ ]ptcmKXn ssIhcn¨p. {_u¬ F¶ tUmIvSdpsS klmbt¯msS almcmPmhv ]mÝmXy sshZyk{¼Zmbw A`ykn¡phm³ Xocpam\n¨p. ]T\kab¯v D{Xw Xncp\mÄ D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ “I¦mfw” Ct¸mgpw ayqknb¯nð kq£n¨ncn¡p¶p. tPyjvT\mb kzmXnXncp\mfn\v AXnkmcw ]nSns]«t¸mÄ ]mÝmXycpw ]uckvXycpamb Fñm `njzKzc³amscbpw AXnibn¸n¨psImïv D{Xw Xncp\mÄ B tcmKw NnInÕn¨v t`Zs¸Sp¯nbXmbn ]dbs¸Sp¶p. tIm«bv¡I¯v anI¨ Hcp Unkvs]³kdn D{Xw Xncp\mfnsâ Ime¯v Bcw`n¨Xmbpw tcJIfpïv. tcmKnIsf InS¯n [À½ambn NnInÕn¡¯¡hn[w kzmXnXncp\mÄ almcmPmhv 1912þð Hcp Bip]{Xn ssX¡mSv Øm]n¨p. 992þð acp¶v sImSp¡m³ am{Xambn«v ssX¡mSv Øm]n¡s¸« sshZyime Xs¶bmWv ]n¶oSv Bip]{Xnbmbn amdnbXv.

1848þð D{Xw Xncp\mÄ acn¡pt¼mÄ XncphnXmwIqdnð Ggv Bip]{XnIÄ Øm]n¨pIgnªncp¶p. XpSÀ¶v Bbneyw Xncp\mÄ P\dð Bip]{Xn (A¶s¯ knhnð Bip]{Xn) sI«nS¯n\v 1852 HIvtSm_dnð inebn«p. sshZyw A`ykn¨p hcp¶Xn\mbn Hcp bphmhns\ kÀ¡mÀ Nnehnð aZncmin saUn¡ð tImtfPnð Ab¨p. 1853þð \hw_À 12 \v P\dð Bip]{XnbpsS DZvLmS\ IÀ½w \S¯n. Cu Bip]{Xn XpS§nbtXmSpIqSn ZÀ_mÀ ^nknjysâ tPmen hÀ²n¨p. A¨pIp¯v sshZyhIp¸nsâ Hcp D]hIp¸mbn thÀXncn¨v tUm. ]g\nbmWn Fs¶mcmsf Gev]n¨p. 1871þð ]pebÀ apXemb IogvPmXnIsf A¨pIp¯p¶Xn\mbn IogvPmXnbnse cïv ]pebbphm¡sf ]cnioen¸ns¨Sp¯p. Nn¯{`a¡msc NnInðkn¸n¡ms\t¶mWw 1870þð knhnð Bip]{Xn¡v kao]ambn Hcp at\mtcmK Bip]{Xnbpw Øm]n¨p. C¶s¯ I®mip]{Xn¡v FXnscbmWnXv. 1875 apXð 77 hsc Cu NpaXe ZÀ_mÀ ^nknjy\mbncp¶p. 1877 Bbt¸mtg¡pw tKmhkqcn {]tbmKw sImïpÅ KpW§Ä t_m[yambn. Hcp hnfw_cw hgn A¨pIp¯v \nÀ_Ôam¡n. 1880þð XncphnXmwIqdnð 31 Bip]{XnIfmbn. {ioaqew Xncp\mfnsâ Ime¯v BZyapïmb sshZyØm]\amWv 1882þð XoÀ¯ tIm«bv¡Iw Bip]{Xn. CtX hÀj¯nð Øm]n¨XmWv Xncph\´]pcs¯ Nm¡ arKmip]{Xn